<p>The Hermannskogel is a hill in Döbling, the 19th district of Vienna. At 542 metres above sea level, it is the highest natural point of Vienna. It lies on the border to Lower Austria.</p><br>
<p>The Habsburgwarte, standing atop the Hermannskogel, marked the kilometre zero in cartographic measurements used in Austria-Hungary until 1918.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Hermannskogel is a forested ridge in the Wienerwald. It is both the highest point in the Kahlengebirge and in the city of Vienna. The Hermannskogel is part of a north-eastern chain of foothills belonging to the eastern Alps. It is composed of flysch containing quartz, limestone, marl, and other conglomerates. The many cliff-like layers on the south-western approach to the Hermannskogel clearly show the hill’s geological make-up.</p><br>
<p>The Kahlenberg and Leopoldsberg, behind which lie the Wiener Pforte, where the Danube breaks through the Wienerwald, are three kilometres to the east of the Hermannskogel. The Vogelsangberg stands nearby, as does the Dreimarkstein (to the southwest).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first documentary reference to the Hermannskogel can be found in the Klosterneuburg Monastery’s tithe register. It dates from 1355 and names the hill hermannschobel. The name is composed of the personal name Hermann, which was common in the Middle Ages, and Kobel (which appears elsewhere as Kogel), a common designation for cone-shaped hills.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages, the Hermannskogel was covered in vineyards. On the side of the hill, in a depression between Sievering and Weidling, is the probable former site of the village Kogelbrunn, which lived from viticulture and which is mentioned for the first time in a document from 1237 as chogelbrunne. In 1256, Albero von Feldsberg accorded the village to the Klosterneuburg Monastery. In 1346, it was still inhabited, but it was destroyed at the end of the 15th century, probably a victim of Magyar raids. The village’s demise also spelt the end of the vineyards and the Hermannskogel was reclaimed by woods.</p><br>
<p>The relief army summoned from the Kingdom of Saxony and other parts of the empire that lifted the second siege of Vienna camped here in 1683.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, several requests made by the Klosterneuburg Monastery to erect a watchtower on the Hermannskogel were turned down. The 27-metre tall Habsburgwarte (known from 1938 to 1974 as the Hermannskogelwarte) was first built in 1888 and opened a year later.</p><br>
<h2>The kilometre zero</h2><br>
<p>The Habsburgwarte that stands atop the Hermannskogel was established as the kilometre zero of cartographic measurements in Austria-Hungary at the start of the 19th century. In the 1920s however, Austria adopted the Gauss–Krüger coordinate system. Thereafter, the Hermannskogel had the same function as a trigonometric reference point as the Rauenberg point on the Marienhöhe in Berlin. The transition to the 1989 European Territorial Reference System will take place soon.</p><br>
<p>Schiehallion  is a prominent mountain in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Schiehallion has a rich botanical life, interesting archaeology, and a unique place in scientific history for an 18th-century experiment in "weighing the world". The mountain&#39;s popularity amongst walkers led to erosion on its footpath and extensive repairs were undertaken in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Schiehallion is an anglicised form of the Gaelic name Sìdh Chailleann, which translates as "Fairy Hill of the Caledonians". It is also known to some as "The Maiden&#39;s Pap", or "Constant Storm". It is pronounced</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Schiehallion lies between Loch Tay, Loch Rannoch and Loch Tummel, about 10 mi to the west-north-west of Aberfeldy in Perthshire. The mountain, with an elevation of 3,553 ft, is isolated from other peaks and has an almost perfectly conical shape from the west. The view of the broad eastern flank attracts many visitors to the shores of Loch Tummel.</p><br>
<p>Schiehallion is sometimes described as the centre of Scotland. The folk group Gaberlunzie sang a song "The Back of Schiehallion", meaning Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Botany</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Schiehallion are rich in botanical life, with heathers, mosses and blaeberry. Blanket bog and heather moorland change colour with the seasons. The limestone pavement provides nutrients, supporting plants including dog&#39;s mercury, lily of the valley and wood anemone.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The majority of Schiehallion consists of Quartzite, a rock formed from an original sand by heat and pressure. Quartzite is a white or pinkish rock, in which the dominant mineral is Quartz. Quartz is hard, being number seven on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. It is able to scratch glass since it is harder than glass. People often mistakenly think that Schiehallion is an extinct volcano because its shape is reminiscent of an active volcano. If fact it formed by sedimentary processes and the shape is the result of erosion by ice during the ice ages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Schiehallion have been inhabited and cultivated since the first millennium BC until approximately two hundred years ago. Schiehallion has been used for grazing sheep and stalking red deer.</p><br>
<p>Since 1999 the eastern side of the mountain has been owned by the John Muir Trust.</p><br>
<h3>The Schiehallion experiment</h3><br>
<p>Schiehallions isolated position and regular shape led it to be selected by Charles Mason for a ground-breaking experiment to estimate the mass of the Earth in 1774. The deflection of a pendulum by the mass of the mountain provided an estimate of the mean density of the Earth, from which its mass and a value for Newtons Gravitational constant G could be deduced. Mason turned down a commission to carry out the work and it was instead coordinated by Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne. He was assisted in the task by mathematician Charles Hutton, who devised a graphical system to represent large volumes of surveyed heights, later known as contour lines.</p><br>
<h2>Footpath</h2><br>
<p>A Munro, Schiehallion is popular with walkers due to its accessibility, ease of ascent and views from its summit. An estimated 17,500 to 20,000 walkers made the ascent in 2000. Most walkers start from the Forestry Commission car park at Brae of Foss, which lies just outside the boundary of the John Muir Trust estate. The route, which initially heads southwest before turning west to follow the main ridgeline of the hill, is about 4.5 km in length.</p><br>
<p>Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the British Isles, can be seen to the north from the summit of Schiehallion.</p><br>
<p>By 1999, when the John Muir Trust bought the estate, the main path had become exceedingly eroded by the passage of many thousands of walkers. The scar was visible from quite a distance. The organisation therefore decided to construct a new path, following a different line, better able to handle the pressure of visitors.</p><br>
<h2>In culture</h2><br>
<p>The Schiehallion oilfield is named after the mountain. One of the major oilfields on Great Britain&#39;s continental shelf, it is operated by BP and situated in the North Atlantic approximately 180 mi west of Shetland.</p><br>
<p>Schiehallion was the setting for the final showdown in Grant Morrison&#39;s comic series Zenith. The Harviestoun Brewery produce a cask-conditioned lager called Schiehallion. A Scottish Country Dance ("Schiehallion") and figure, the Schiehallion Reel are both named after the mountain. Song "Schiehallion" featured on the 1994 album Time For A New Day by the independent band King Rizla.</p><br>
<p>Pipe Major Donald Shaw Ramsay composed a 3/4 march entitled "Schiehallion".</p><br>
<p>The England-based band "Schiehallion Pipes and Drums" (named for the Munro) led by Drum Major Jim (Jaimie) Gibb, has adopted the march as their signature tune, and is indeed the lead-in tune on their album Hail! Schiehallion.</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos or Aghios Nikolaos  is a coastal town on the Greek island of Crete, lying east of the island&#39;s capital Heraklion, north of the town of Ierapetra and west of the town of Sitia.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2011, the Municipality of Agios Nikolaos, which takes in part of the surrounding villages, claimed 27,074 inhabitants. The town is a municipality of the Crete region and sits partially upon the ruins of the ancient city of Lato pros Kamara.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Municipality</h3><br>
<p>The municipality of Agios Nikolaos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos</p><br>
<p>Neapoli</p><br>
<p>Vrachasi</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 511.694 km&sup2, the municipal unit 317.834 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos was settled in the late Bronze Age by Dorian occupants of Lato, at a time when the security of the Lato hillfort became a lesser concern and easy access to the harbour at Agios Nikolaos became more important.</p><br>
<p>The name Agios Nikolaos means Saint Nicholas. Its stress lies on the second syllable of the word "Nikolaos". Agios Nikolaos or Ayios Nikolaos (alternative romanizations of the Greek Άγιος Νικόλαος) is a common placename in Greece and Cyprus, since Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors and of all of Greece.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeology</h3><br>
<p>Near the town there&#39;s an archaeological site of ancient Priniatikos Pyrgos. It appears to have been first settled in the Final Neolithic, circa 3000 BC. Activity on the site continued throughout the Minoan Bronze Age and the Classical Greek and Roman periods, spanning a total of up to 4,000 years. Since 2007, Priniatikos Pyrgos has been undergoing excavation by an international team under the auspices of the Irish Institute of Hellenic Studies at Athens.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos is accessible from the mainland and the whole of Europe through Nikos Kazantzakis (HER) airport, and the many daily ferry services in Heraklion (64 km). You can also travel through Sitia airport boarding onto a domestic or charter flight or through its harbour (67 km). Recently, the town became host to a department of a Technological Educational Institute (TEI), offering tourism-related courses.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Modern Agios Nikolaos</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos is probably best known as a tourist town that serves as a hub to the twenty or so small villages and farms that make up that part of Lassithi. Tourist attractions include the small lagoon Lake Voulismeni, small beaches in the town, the tiny island Agioi Pantes, the archaeological museum, the local flora exhibition “Iris” and numerous fairs.</p><br>
<p>Just a short ferry ride away from Agios Nikolaos is the island of Spinalonga, an old Venetian fortress turned ex-leper colony in the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Tourism is mainly West European with Greek tourism concentrated in mid August, though there are a considerable amount of Russian vacationers in East Crete. The lagoon features a small park with a trail, traditional fishing boats, ducks, pigeons, an amphitheatre and many cafès. The modern city of Agios Nikolaos became internationally well-known during the 60&#39;s, when it was "discovered" by famous cinema directors (Jules Dassin, Walt Disney etc.), BBC producers and many others. It was then that the rapid tourist development of the area started. Among the various productions filmed were He Who Must Die, The Moon-Spinners, and the TV series The Lotus Eaters.</p><br>
<p>Daphne du Maurier&#39;s short story Not After Midnight was set in and around the town.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h3>Notable people from Agios Nikolaos</h3><br>
<p>Mimis Androulakis (1951) politician</p><br>
<p>Maria Damanaki (1952) politician</p><br>
<p>Nikos Koundouros (1926) director</p><br>
<p>Broad Street is a 15 mi road located in the independent city of Richmond, Virginia, and adjacent Henrico County. Broad Street is significant to Richmond due to the many commercial establishments that have been built along it throughout Richmond&#39;s history. From downtown through miles into the suburbs, the street is largely dedicated to retailing and offices, including regional and neighborhood shopping centers and malls.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The east end of Broad Street is located at the northeastern edge of Chimborazo Park. It extends through Church Hill to Downtown Richmond. Also known as USA Route 250 west of Downtown Richmond, it extends west through Richmond&#39;s West End all the way to the outermost suburbs of Richmond just beyond Short Pump near the intersection of I-295 and I-64.</p><br>
<p>Continuing west into Goochland County Broad Street becomes Broad Street Rd. USA Route 250; the road extends all the way to Sandusky, OH.</p><br>
<h2>History and development</h2><br>
<h3>Downtown</h3><br>
<p>Broad Street connects many historical sites in Downtown Richmond. It is home to the lavish Empire Theatre, which is the states oldest operating theatre. Theatre IV, the Childrens Theatre of Virginia, the second largest childrens theatre in the nation, owns the Empire and presents its mainstage season there in downtown Richmond. Until the late 19th century, the trains of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad ran down the center of the street from the present Harrison Street east to Eighth Street. The area around Sixth and Broad Streets was the center of retailing in the Southeast, with department stores such as Miller & Rhoads, Thalhimers, G. C. Murphy, Woolworth, Raylass, Sears, Cohens and W. T. Grant and niche retailers like Hofheimer&#39;s. It was also home to "theater row", which included venues such as the National.</p><br>
<p>It has also been the site of major institutional structures, including Monumental Church, the Library of Virginia, the present and former city halls, and the Virginia Department of Transportation headquarters.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad relocated its terminal to the more suburban Broad Street Station.</p><br>
<h3>West End</h3><br>
<p>As Richmond moved westward, so did the retail district. Miles away, Short Pump Town Center in western Henrico County on Broad Street has leading retailers including Macys, Dillards and Nordstrom.</p><br>
<p>Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina  and known to Russian archaeologists as Krorayina, was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert. The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän and is used to refer to the city near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The kingdom was renamed Shanshan (鄯善) after its king was assassinated by an envoy of the Han dynasty in 77 BCE; however, the town at the northwestern corner of the brackish desert lake Lop Nur retained the name of Loulan. The kingdom included at various times settlements such as Niya, Charklik, Miran, and Qiemo. It was intermittently under Chinese control from the early Han dynasty onward until its abandonment centuries later. The ruins of Loulan are near the now-desiccated Lop Nur in the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and they are now completely surrounded by desert.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A number of mummies, now known as the Tarim mummies, have been found in Loulan and in its surrounding areas. One female mummy has been dated to c. 1800 BCE (3,800-year-old), indicating very early settlement of the region.</p><br>
<p>Loulan was on the main route from Dunhuang to Korla, where it joined the so-called "northern route," and was also connected by a route southwest to the kingdom’s seat of government in the town of Wuni in the Charkhlik/Ruoqiang oasis, and from thence to Khotan and Yarkand.</p><br>
<h3>Early Han Dynasty</h3><br>
<p>The first historical mention of Loulan was in a letter from the Chanyu of the Xiongnu to the Chinese Emperor in 126 BCE in which he boasted of conquering the Yuezhi, the Wusun, Loulan, and Hujie (呼揭), "as well as the twenty-six states nearby." In 126 BCE, the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near Lop Nur.</p><br>
<p>Because of its strategic position on what became the main route from China to the West, during the Han dynasty, control of it was regularly contested between the Chinese and the Xiongnu until well into the 2nd century CE. In the Book of Han, the early interactions of Loulan with the Han court were described in some detail.</p><br>
<p>In the 2nd century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han was interested in extending contact with Dayuan (Fergana) after receiving reports of the country from Zhang Qian. However, according to Chinese sources, Han envoys to Fergana were harassed by Loulan and Gushi. In 108 BCE, Loulan was attacked by a Han force led by Zhao Ponu (趙破奴) and its king captured, after which Loulan agreed to pay a tribute to Han China. The Xiongnu, on hearing of these events, also attacked Loulan. The king of Loulan therefore elected to send one of his sons as a hostage to the Xiongnu, and another to the Han court.</p><br>
<p>The king of Loulan was then taken to the Han court and interrogated about his association with the Xiongnu. The Book of Han records:</p><br>
<p>The Han emperor was satisfied with the statement and released the king.</p><br>
<p>In 92 BCE, the king of Loulan died, and his countrymen requested that the kings son be returned to Loulan. However, the Han court had castrated his son for infringement of Han laws and so it refused the request, claiming that the Han Emperor had grown too fond of him to let him go. Another king was installed in Loulan, and again a son was sent as hostage when demanded by the Han court. After the death of this king, the Xiongnu returned the hostage son sent to them, named Chang Gui or An Gui (嘗歸 or 安歸), to Loulan to rule as king. The Han, on hearing this, demanded that the new king present himself to the Han court. This, on his wifes advice, the king refused, on account of the fact that neither of the hostage sons sent to the Han court had been returned.</p><br>
<p>In 77 BCE, the Chinese envoy Fu Jiezi was sent to kill the Loulan king after several Han envoys were intercepted and killed. He arrived on the pretext of carrying gold and valuables to the outer states and intending to present the king with gifts, but stabbed the Loulan king to death while he was drunk, and had the severed head of the king hung from the northern gate tower. The king&#39;s younger brother Weituqi (尉屠耆) was then installed as the king of Loulan by the Han court, and the kingdom was renamed Shanshan.</p><br>
<h3>Shanshan</h3><br>
<p>After the Han dynasty had gained control of Loulan, the renamed kingdom of Shanshan became a Chinese puppet state. The newly installed king, fearing retribution from the sons of the assassinated king, requested that a contingent of Han forces be established in Yixun (伊循, variously identified as Charklik or Miran). Chinese army officers were sent to colonise the area and an office of commandant was established at Yixun. A number of settlements in the Tarim Basin such as Qiemo and Niya were described in the Book of Han as independent states, but these later became part of Shanshan. While the name of the kingdom was changed to Shanshan by the Chinese, the Loulan region continued to be known as Kroran by the locals.</p><br>
<p>The region remained under Chinese control intermittently, and when China was weak in the Western Regions, Loulan was essentially independent. In 25 CE it was recorded that Loulan was in league with the Xiongnu. In 73 CE, the Han army officer Ban Chao went with a small group of followers to Shanshan, which was also receiving a delegation from the Xiongnu at the same time. Ban Chao killed the Xiongnu envoys and presented their heads to the King, after which King Guang of Shanshan submitted to Han. Around 119, Ban Yong recommended that a Chinese colony of 500 men be established in Loulan. A later military colony was established at Loulan by General Suo Man. It was recorded that in 222 CE, Shanshan sent tribute to China, and that in 283, the son of the king was sent as a hostage to the Chinese court during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin. Loulan was also recorded as a dependent kingdom of Shanshan in the 3rd century Book of Wei.</p><br>
<p>The town of Loulan was abandoned in 330 CE due to lack of water when the Tarim River, which supported the settlement, changed course; the military garrison was moved 50 km south to Haitou (海頭). The fort of Yingpan to the northwest remained under Chinese control until the Tang dynasty. According to the Book of Wei, King Bilong of Shanshan fled to Qiemo together with half of his countrymen after an attack by Juqu Anzhou in 442 CE so Shanshan came to be ruled by Qiemo. In 445 Shanshan submitted to the Northern Wei. At the end of the 6th century, the Sui dynasty reestablished the city state of Shanshan.</p><br>
<p>After the 5th century, however, the land was frequently invaded by nomadic states such as Tuyuhun, the Rouran Khaganate, and the Dingling and the area gradually was abandoned. Circa 630, at the beginning of the Tang period, Shanfutuo (鄯伏陁) led the remaining Shanshan people to Hami.</p><br>
<p>The Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang passed through this region in 644 on his return from India to China, visited a town called Nafubo (納縛波, thought to be Charklik) of Loulan, and wrote of Qiemo, "A fortress exists, but not a trace of man".</p><br>
<h2>Descriptions in historical accounts</h2><br>
<p>According to the Book of Han, Han envoys described the troops of Loulan as weak and easy to attack. Shanshan was said to have 1570 households and 14,000 individuals, with 2912 persons able to bear arms. It further described the region thus:</p><br>
<p>According to the Commentary on the Water Classic, General Suo Mai (索勱, also Suo Man) of Dunhuang introduced irrigation techniques to the region by damming the Zhubin (possibly the Kaidu River) to irrigate the fields and produced bumper harvests for the next three years.</p><br>
<p>The Buddhist pilgrim Faxian who stayed in Shanshan in 399 on the way to India, described the country:</p><br>
<h2>Ethnolinguistic identity</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known residents in Loulan are thought to be a subgroup of the Tocharians, an Indo-European people of the Tarim Basin. Excavations in Loulan and the surrounding areas have found mummies believed to be remains of these people, for example the so-called "Beauty of Loulan" which was found by Chinese archaeologists in 1979–1980 at Qäwrighul around 70 km west of Loulan. The mummies have been dated to as early as 1800 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Loulan&#39;s first known language, the Krorainic, is usually called "Tocharian C". However, the official language found in 3rd century CE documents in this region is Gandhari Prakrit written in Kharosthi script; their use in Loulan and elsewhere in the Tarim Basin was most likely due to the cultural legacy of the Kushan Empire, These Gandharan migrants are also believed to have also introduced Buddhism to Loulan. This putative Tocharian variant has been partially reconstructed from around 100 loanwords and over a thousand proper names used in these Prakrit documents that cannot be ascribed to Indic.</p><br>
<p>The native name of Loulan was "Kroraina" or "Krorän", Sogdians, an Eastern Iranian people, maintained minority communities in various places in China at the time, especially Dunhuang in Gansu and Turfan in the Tarim Basin. Documents found in Loulan showed that Sogdians were present in the area in 313 CE, as well as Han Chinese and Tibetan tribesmen, indicating an ethnically diverse population in Loulan.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>Sven Hedin</h3><br>
<p>The ruined city of Loulan was discovered by Sven Hedin, who excavated some houses and found a wooden Kharosthi tablet and many Chinese manuscripts from the Western Jin Dynasty (265–420), which recorded that the area was called "Krorän" by the locals in Kharosthi but was rendered as "Lou-lan" in Chinese. Hedin also proposed that a change in the course of the Tarim river resulted in Lop Nur drying up may be the reason why Loulan had perished.</p><br>
<h3>Aurel Stein</h3><br>
<p>Aurel Stein made further excavations in 1906 and 1914 around the old lake of Lop Nur and identified many sites in the area. He designated these sites with the letter L (for Loulan), followed by a letter of the alphabet (A to T) allocated in the chronological order the sites were visited. Stein recovered many artifacts, including various documents, a wool-pile carpet fragment, some yellow silk, and Gandharan architectural wood carvings.</p><br>
<p>L.A. - A walled settlement lying to the north of the lake. The thick wall is made of packed earth and straw and was over 1,000 ft on each side and 20 ft thick at the base. It contains a large stupa and some administrative buildings and was occupied for a long time. It is usually thought to be the city of Loulan.</p><br>
<p>L.B. - A site with stupas at 13 km to the northwest of the L.A.</p><br>
<p>L.E. - A fortified town lying 30 km to the northeast of L.A. It is the only known city in the region with a northern gate. Since a northern gate was mentioned in the Han Chinese text about the assassination of the king of Loulan, it has therefore been suggested to be the capital of Loulan in the 1st century BCE, before the Han Chinese gained control the region. Others, however, argue that the northern gate does not refer to Loulan but Chang&#39;an. The site was occupied until the late 3rd century CE.</p><br>
<p>L.F. - 10 km to the northwest of L.A., containing building foundations and a cemetery. Archaeologists discovered the body of a young man in a wooden coffin, wearing a felt hat and leather boots and lying under a woolen blanket. A bunch of ephedra twigs was placed beside him in a similar fashion to many much older burials found in the region.</p><br>
<p>L.K. - A walled city to the west of the lake with only a gateway in the city wall. It has been identified as Haitou by some archaeologists.</p><br>
<p>L.L. - A fortress lying 5 km northwest of L.K., similar in construction to but smaller.</p><br>
<h3>Chinese archaeological expedition, 1979-1980</h3><br>
<p>In 1979 and 1980, three archaeological expeditions sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Xinjiang Branch performed excavations in Loulan. They discovered a canal 15 ft deep and 55 ft wide running through Loulan from northwest to southeast, a 32 ft high earthen dome-shaped Buddhist stupa; and home 41 ft long by 28 ft wide, apparently for a Chinese official, housing 3 rooms and supported by wooden pillars. They also collected 797 objects from the area, including vessels of wood, bronze objects, jewellery and coins, and Mesolithic stone tools Other reported (2003) finds in the area include additional mummies and burial grounds, ephedra sticks, a string bracelet that holds a hollowed jade stone, a leather pouch, a woolen loincloth, a wooden mask painted red and with large nose and teeth, boat-shaped coffins, a bow with arrows and a straw basket.</p><br>
<p>Granite Peak, at an elevation of 12,807 ft above sea level, is the highest natural point in the USA state of Montana, and is the tenth highest state high point in the nation. It lies within the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, in Park County very near the borders of Stillwater County and Carbon County. Granite Peak is 10 mi north of the Wyoming border, 45 mi southwest of Columbus, Montana.</p><br>
<p>Granite Peak is the second most difficult state highpoint after Denali in Alaska, due to technical climbing, poor weather, and route finding. Granite Peak’s first ascent was made by Elers Koch, James C. Whitham and R.T. Ferguson on August 29, 1923 after several failed attempts by others. It was the last of the state highpoints to be climbed. Today, climbers typically spend two or three days ascending the peak, stopping over on the Froze-to-Death Plateau, although some climbers choose to ascend the peak in a single day. Another route that has gained popularity in recent years is the Southwest Couloir route, a non-technical route from the south starting near Cooke City; climbers generally take two days to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Makronisos , or Makronisi, is an island in the Aegean sea, in Greece. It is located close to the coast of Attica, facing the port of Lavrio. The island has an elongated shape, 13 km north to south, around 500 m east to west, and its terrain is arid and rocky. It is the largest uninhabited Greek island.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times the island was called Helena.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Kea-Kythnos regional unit and in the municipality of Kea.</p><br>
<p>Today it is uninhabited but it was used as a prison island from the time of the Greek Civil War until the restoration of democracy, following the collapse of the Regime of the Colonels in 1974. Because of its history, it is considered as a monument of the civil war era; therefore the island and the original structures on it are protected from alteration.</p><br>
<p>The Kea Channel between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea was the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.</p><br>
<h2>Films</h2><br>
<p>Le Nouveau Parthénon (1975) by Kostas Chronopoulos et Giogos Chryssovitsianos.</p><br>
<p>Happy Day (1976) by Pantelís Voúlgaris.</p><br>
<p>Makronissos (2008), by Ilias Giannakakis et Evi Karabatsou.</p><br>
<p>Like Stone lions at the gateway into night (2012), by Olivier Zuchuat</p><br>
<p>Galatsi , called in Katharevousa Galatsion , is a northern suburb of Athens, Greece, and a municipality of the Attica region. The municipality has an area of 4.026 km. Until the mid-20th century, the area was mainly made up of farmlands but due to the continuous expansion of the Greek capital, Galatsi was rapidly urbanised and has come to lie in the center of the Athens agglomeration.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Although several etymologies have been proposed about the origin of the name Galatsi, which already appears in the book of 1870, History of Athens, it originates from the surname of Symeon Galakis, a squire who purchased lands around the church of Agia Glykeria in 1851. Consequently, the whole area was given his name, which, according to the phenomenon featuring the old Athenian phonology and known as tsitakism, was pronounced Galatsis, thus the name of the area was finally Galatsi. An alternative theory suggests that it derived from gala, the Greek word for the milk that the shepherds of the area&#39;s rangelands yelled hovering around in order to sell their products.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Galatsi is an inner suburb of Athens, located 4 km northeast of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Athens and neighbouring suburb Nea Ionia. It is one of the most densely populated areas of Athens, with a high percentage of its lands covered by flora though, as the hill of Tourkovounia with its forests and the park Alsos Veikou are among the major "green lungs" within the centre of Athens. The famous Grava school complex is located there, as are many other educational foundations and public and private institutes.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>Alsos Veikou, a beautiful leafy park</p><br>
<p>Galatsi Olympic Hall - where table tennis and gymnastics were played. It holds up to 6,200 seats Website:</p><br>
<p>Omorfokklisia, a 12th-century church in an area known for its peace and calmness</p><br>
<p>Heraclea Lyncestis also spelled Herakleia Lynkestis (Ἡράκλεια Λυγκηστίς; Heraclea Lyncestis; Хераклеа Линкестис, was an ancient Greek city in Macedon, ruled later by the Romans. Its ruins are situated 2 km south of the present-day town of Bitola, Macedonia. It was founded by Philip II of Macedon in the middle of the 4th century BC. The city was named in honor of the mythological Greek hero Heracles. The name Lynkestis originates from the name of the ancient kingdom, conquered by Philip, where the city was built.</p><br>
<p>Heraclea was a strategically important town during the Hellenistic period, as it was at the edge of Macedon&#39;s border with Epirus to the west and Paeonia to the north, until the middle of the 2nd century BC, when the Romans conquered Macedon and destroyed its political power. The Romans divided Macedonia into 4 regions and Heraclea was in the fourth region. The main Roman road in the area, Via Egnatia went through Heraclea, and Heraclea was an important stop. The prosperity of the city was maintained mainly due to this road. Objects discovered from the time of Roman rule in Heraclea are votive monuments, a portico, thermae (baths), a theatre and town walls.</p><br>
<p>In the early Christian period, Heraclea was an important Episcopal seat. Some of its bishops are mentioned in synods in Serdica and other nearby towns. The city was gradually abandoned in the 6th century AD following an earthquake and Slavic invasions.</p><br>
<h2>Roman period</h2><br>
<p>The Roman emperor Hadrian built a theatre in the center of the town, on a hill, when many buildings in the Roman province of Macedonia were being restored. It began being used during the reign of Antoninus Pius. Discovered in 1931, a small bone ticket for a seat in the 14th (out of 20) row is the earliest known proof of the theatre’s existence. The theatre itself wasn’t discovered until 1968. Inside the theatre there were three animal cages and in the western part a tunnel. The theatre went out of use during the late 4th century AD, when gladiator fights in the Roman Empire were banned, due to the spread of Christianity, the formulation of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the abandonment of, what was then perceived as, pagan rituals and entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>Late Antiquity and Byzantine periods</h2><br>
<p>In the early Byzantine period (4th to 6th centuries AD) Heraclea was an important episcopal centre. Some of its bishops have been noted in the acts of the Church Councils as bishop Evagrius of Heraclea in the Acts of the Sardica Council from 343 AD. A small and a great basilica, the bishops residence, and a funerary basilica and the necropolis are some of the remains of this period. Three naves in the Great Basilica are covered with mosaics of very rich floral and figurative iconography; these well preserved mosaics are often regarded as fine examples of the early Christian art period. Other bishops from Heraclea are known between 4th and 6th century AD as bishop Quintilinus mentioned in the Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus, from 449 AD. The city was sacked by Ostrogoth/Visigoth forces, commanded by Theodoric the Great in 472 AD and, despite a large gift to him from the citys bishop, it was sacked again in 479 AD. It was restored in the late 5th and early 6th century. When an earthquake struck in 518 AD, the inhabitants of Heraclea gradually abandoned the city.Macedonia,</p><br>
<p>Bradt Guides, Thammy Evans, Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, Subsequently, at the eve of the 7th century, the Dragovites, a Slavic tribe pushed down from the north by the Avars, settled in the area. The last coin issue dates from ca. 585, which suggests that the city was finally captured by the Slavs. As result, in place of the deserted city theatre several huts were built.</p><br>
<h3>Mosaics in the basilicas</h3><br>
<p>The so-called Small Basilica was discovered in excavations made before the outbreak of World War II between 1936 and 1938. At first it was thought to be an ancient palace, but in the later research from 1960 to 1964, it became clear that it was an early Christian basilica. There is a decorated floor mosaic laid in the technique of "opus sectile" within the basilica and several rooms have been unearthed. The first room was used for baptizing, and the second room has a floor mosaic made in "opus tessellatum" technique. After the creation of the complex Great Basilica, the function of these rooms was changed. By discovering the walls, architectonic plastic and floors were reconstructed electronically.</p><br>
<p>The Great Basilica is a monumental building with a room of open porch colonnades, a room of exonarthex, one of narthex, two north annexes, and a room of three south annexes. The floors of these rooms have mosaics with geometric and floral designs. The mosaic in the narthex is of early Byzantine art, a big composition at a size of 100 m. There are birds, trees, bushes, a red dog, which is a symbol of paradise, and animals beasts as a domain of the earth. This mosaic dates from the end of the 6th century. The Great Basilica is built on top of another pre-existing one and it is believed to have been built sometime between the 4th and 6th century.</p><br>
<p>The Great Basilica&#39;s mosaic floor is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 5000 denars banknote, issued in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopacy Residence was excavated between 1970 and 1975. The western part was discovered first and the southern side is near the town wall. The luxury rooms are located in the eastern part. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th rooms all have mosaic floors. Between the 3rd and 4th rooms there is a hole that led to the eastern entrance of the residence. The hole was purposefully created between the 4th and 6th century.</p><br>
<p>The Wantsum Channel was a strait separating the Isle of Thanet from the north-eastern extremity of the English county of Kent and connecting the English Channel and the Thames Estuary. It was a major shipping route when Britain was part of the Roman Empire, and continued in use until it was closed by silting in the late Middle Ages. Its course is now represented by the River Stour and the River Wantsum, which is little more than a drainage ditch lying between Reculver and St Nicholas-at-Wade and joins the Stour about 1.7 mi south-east of Sarre.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>Eilert Ekwall, a 20th-century authority on English place-names, wrote that the name "Wantsum" derives from an Old English word "wandsum", meaning "winding". Bede, writing in or before 731, mentioned the Wantsum (Vantsumu) in describing the Isle of Thanet, but he also recorded an alternative name: he described the church at Reculver as being juxta ostium aquilonale fluminis Genladae, or "by the north mouth of the river Genlade". Ekwall compared this to the name of Yantlet Creek, which separates the Isle of Grain from mainland Kent. He suggested an origin in the Old English word gegnlad meaning "backwater or the like, very likely the source of the word inlet arm of the sea, creek."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From prehistory until the Middle Ages, the Wantsum Channel was joined by the River Stour, which entered it at Stourmouth close to its midpoint; it was a two-mile-wide (3 km) strait. The southern end of the channel met the sea at Richborough (Rutupiae), downstream of Sandwich, while the northern end met the Thames Estuary at Reculver (Regulbium). That the Romans chose both sites for forts indicates the significance of the route, which their shipping commonly used to travel between Britain and continental Europe. Vikings raided Canterbury via the Wantsum in 839.</p><br>
<p>Deposition of shingle at Stonar, at the southern end of the Channel, gradually caused it to silt up; and shipping heading for Canterbury, formerly using the northern entrance, brought Fordwich into prominence as its outport. The silting continued, particularly during the 12th and 13th centuries, when Augustinian monks entered into land reclamation; eventually, by the 16th century, the Wantsum Channel had dried up, apart from the large drainage ditch down the centre of the former channel, and associated feeder ditches.</p><br>
<p>Efforts made by the monks of Minster-in-Thanet to manage the Wantsum in the Middle Ages are reflected in two names for parts of the Channel and Stour, "Abbots Wall" and "Monks Wall". During the 18th century, silting threatened the rich port of Sandwich and efforts were made to create sluices and channels to control the waters. These ultimately failed, and as a result Sandwich is now some distance from the sea. Regarding the northern end of the Channel, it has been estimated that the Roman fort at Reculver was originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea to the north, but by 1540, when John Leland recorded a visit there, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter of a mile (400 m). It may be that sediment from this erosion contributed to the blocking of the north mouth of the Wantsum. The southern section of the Wantsum Channel is represented by the River Stour, which empties into the Strait of Dover at Pegwell Bay.</p><br>
<p>The North Sea flood of 1953 led to the flooding of the land where the Wantsum Channel formerly ran, and briefly made the Isle of Thanet an island again.</p><br>
<p>The Wantsum Channel area features in four recreational walking routes, these being the Saxon Shore Way, the Stour Valley Walk, the Wantsum Walk and the.</p><br>
<p>Palaiochora  is a small town in Chania regional unit, Greece. It is located 77 km south of Chania, on the southwest coast of Crete and occupies a small peninsula 400m wide and 700m long. The town is set along 11 km of coastline bordering the Libyan Sea. It is the seat of the municipality of Kantanos–Selino and its population was 1,675 in the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Palaiochora&#39;s economy is based on tourism and agriculture (mainly tomatoes cultivated in glass houses and also olive oil). It is a relaxing holiday destination since the early 1970s when it was popular with hippies.</p><br>
<p>Palaiochora has crystal clear waters, well organised beaches, and beautiful isolated small anchorages. It is served by numerous hotels, restaurants, tavernas, cafés, and bars. Facilities in Palaiochora include bank branches, a post office, a central telephone office, a health centre, doctor&#39;s offices, dentists, chemists, a police station, a coast guard and customs office, and many types of stores. Ferry boats connect Palaiochora with Sougia, Agia Roumeli, Loutro, Chora Sfakion, and Gavdos.</p><br>
<p>Local attractions include the abundant wild flowers in the spring, the opportunity to see Venetian and Byzantine wall paintings in some of the local churches (those in Anidri and Voutas being particularly impressive), and a museum dedicated to the Acretans in the town itself. The nearby village of Azogires, 5 km away, contains a museum dedicated to the area as well as the, now empty, Monastery of the 99 Holy Fathers and what is claimed to be the largest Evergreen Plane Tree on the Island. In 2009 it was planned to open a number of signposted walking routes in the area and the town is on the European E4 Long Distance Footpath.</p><br>
<p>Palaiochora is built on the ruins of the ancient city of Kalamydi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1278, the Venetian general Marino Gradenigo built a fort in the Palechora area, called the "Selino Kasteli". The fort gave its name to the whole province, previously called "Orina", which was then renamed "Selino". The fort was destroyed in 1332 and it was rebuilt in 1334. Near the fort, the Venetians established a new settlement for workers and merchants called Vourgos. The general Hayreddin Barbarossa destroyed the fort in 1539, but later in 1595 Dolf revamped it. In 1645, the Turks conquered the town and modified the fort to suit their needs.</p><br>
<p>In 1834 an English traveler named Robert Pashley found the fort completely destroyed and the whole area without any inhabitants and with only a granary and one or two small buildings left. In 1866 the recolonization of Paleochora began.</p><br>
<p>In December 1866, during the Cretan uprising against the Ottoman Turks, the British gunboat HMS Assurance evacuated some 340 women and children from Paleochora, then known as Selino Castelli/Kastelli, and took them to Piraeus for safety. This caused a major international incident since the Ottoman authorities accused the British of siding with the Cretan rebels. Russian gunboats followed suit, evacuating refugees from Loutro and Sougia, east of Paleochora.</p><br>
<p>During the Battle of Crete during World War II, the town was the scene of fighting between motorcycle-riding troops of the German 95th Reconnaissance Battalion and the Eighth Greek Regiment (Provisional) with elements of the Cretan Gendarmerie. The Germans built a number of gun emplacements by the Venetian Fortezza and their remains are still present.</p><br>
<p>The general phase of urbanization that started in other parts of Greece in the 1960s, took place in the 1950s on the nearby island of Gavdos. During that period the islanders exchanged their land on Gavdos for ex-Turkish land on Crete, which had now become exchangeable through a state program. They created a community known as "Gavdiotika", in the old town section of Paleochora.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The town has a Mediterranean climate.</p><br>
<p>Hunter Mountain is in the towns of Hunter and Lexington, just south of the village of Hunter, in Greene County, New York, United States. At approximately 4,040 ft in elevation, it is the highest peak in the county and the second-highest peak in the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>While the mountain is closely associated with the highly popular eponymous ski area built around the Colonels Chair ridge at the mountains northwest corner, that takes up only a small portion of the mountain. The actual summit, some distance from the ski area, is graced with a fire lookout tower, the highest in the state and second-highest in the Northeast. The former road to it is open to hikers, horses (and possibly mountain bikers in the future). It is the most popular route to the mountain&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hunter takes the shape of a medium-length ridge, rising steeply from Stony Clove Notch in the east, then gently to the summit in the center, and gently back down to the west where the land makes a much less steep drop into Taylor Hollow, the col between it and neighboring Rusk Mountain. As with its eastern neighbor Plateau Mountain, there is a considerable amount of level ground above 3,500 ft, the cutoff elevation for inclusion in the Catskill High Peaks.</p><br>
<p>The relative steepness of the mountains north slopes facilitated the growth of the ski area, but have made it an otherwise unattractive route up the mountain (only one of the several trails to the summit comes to it from the north). On the south side, slopes are equally steep and challenging to the southeast. However, a ridge splits off at a level area, known as Devils Acre, midway along the mountain, rising to a 3,740 ft) summit unofficially known as Southwest Hunter Mountain. Beyond that ridge, the slopes again steepen, reflecting the glacial cirque between Southwest Hunter and Hunter that opens up into the Spruceton Valley.</p><br>
<p>The entire mountain is in the Hudson River watershed, with runoff from the north taking a circuitous route to it via Schoharie Creek and the Mohawk River. On the southeast corner, the route is much more direct, as water follows Stony Clove Creek to Esopus Creek and thence to the Hudson. The cirque on the southwest gives rise to a Schoharie tributary, the West Kill, also fed by Hunter Brook. Regardless of the stream, all of Hunter is part of New York City&#39;s watershed, as the Esopus is impounded in Ashokan Reservoir and the Schoharie in the similarly named reservoir downstream.</p><br>
<p>While Hunter is traversed by the Devils Path hiking trail and is often considered part of the range of the same name, it is distinct from the Devils Path topographically due to the fork in the range.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Originally named Greenland Mountain, in the mid-19th century the mountain was renamed. Like the town and the village, Hunter takes its name from John Hunter, a somewhat despised local landlord. It is not known when the mountain was first climbed, or by whom. A popular local legend has it that Hunter, or some other later landowner, went to the summit with a hand level in order to be sure they had indeed purchased the Catskills highest peak, and were satisfied until an "unknown" peak appeared on the southern horizon — Slide Mountain, the ranges true highest peak but not identified as such until 1886 (which makes this legend unlikely to have any basis in fact, as the necessary clearing at the summit for the fire tower was made well afterwards). For a time before Arnold Henry Guyot identified Slide, either Hunter or nearby Black Dome, central peak of the Blackhead Mountains, was thought to be the range&#39;s highest, in contrast to the claims of nearby hoteliers for Kaaterskill High Peak.</p><br>
<p>Hunter, unlike Slide, was located close to settlements and saw considerable exploitation of its forest resources. Retired Colonel William Edwards was so successful harvesting hemlock bark for tanning during the mid-19th century in what is now the ski area that not only was the ridge named the Colonel&#39;s Chair in his honor, the village of Hunter was briefly renamed Edwardsville. On the other side of the mountain, the West Virginia-based Fenwick Lumber Company logged Hunter and Southwest Hunter so thoroughly between 1903 and 1917 that it is hard to find virgin forest anywhere in the lands they once owned. Some of the roads and railroads they built on the mountains still serve as trails today, and other remnants of their operations are in the nearby woods.</p><br>
<p>Gifford Pinchot, first chief of the USFS under Teddy Roosevelt.was named for Hudson River School painter, Sanford Robinson Gifford ,after the Pinchot family purchased his famous painting "Hunter Mountain,Twilight."</p><br>
<h3>Forest Preserve</h3><br>
<p>The establishment of New Yorks Forest Preserve made it possible for the mountains forests to renew themselves after years of harvesting by humans. Four years after Fenwick cut down its last tree on Hunter, the state began buying the abandoned tracts, rendering them "forever wild" under the state constitution. By 1929, most of the mountain had been acquired and trails began to be cut, although it would be 1935 before most were finished.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the ski area put renewed development pressure on the mountain, especially as its owners dynamited areas to create steeper trails. A proposal to amend the state constitution and trade land closer to the summit ridge to the ski area for holdings elsewhere was vigorously opposed by environmentalists and failed to pass the legislature in the early 1990s. Governor George Patakis 1999 designation of most Catskill High Peaks as a state Bird Conservation Area, to protect Bicknells thrush and other threatened montane bird species, finally put the idea to rest.</p><br>
<h3>Site of key conversation in Clinton impeachment</h3><br>
<p>According to the Starr Report, on Memorial Day weekend in 1996, Monica Lewinsky told a family friend, Dale Young, about her affair with President Bill Clinton, during a vacation at a weight-loss spa in the Catskills. This event was later described as the first time she had confided in anyone about the affair. The spa was later identified as Vatra, located near the Becker Hollow trailhead north of Stony Clove Notch. The two were described as being in the middle of a 7.5 mi hike up Hunter at the time, although it is unknown where they were on the mountain when Lewinsky made her disclosure.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>Currently, Hunter, Rusk and Southwest Hunter mountains are grouped by DEC into the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest, reflecting the extensive past disturbances to the forest. A change proposed in the pending update to the Catskill Park State Land Master Plan (CPSLMP) would combine almost all of that land with the neighboring West Kill Wilderness Area to create a large Hunter-West Kill Wilderness Area. Ironically, the summit of Hunter itself would remain in a thin corridor known as the Rusk Mountain Wild Forest, to accommodate uses of the Spruceton Trail that would not be permitted in a wilderness area.</p><br>
<h2>Natural environment</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the extensive logging operations and ski development, Hunter&#39;s forests have been widely affected by forest fires, particularly on the eastern slope above Stony Clove Notch. Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish describes Hunter as the "interior fire capital of the Catskills" since it has almost as much evidence of past burns as the Catskill Escarpment further east. Most, but not all, he believes, were related to the logging operations on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>This results in the boreal forest at higher elevations on the mountain having a notably higher proportion of paper birch and red spruce to balsam fir compared to Slide and other major Catskill peaks. These pioneering species are often found in areas regenerating themselves (red spruce is also found as an associate to hemlocks at lower elevations near Stony Clove Notch, reflecting the extensive tanbarking there).</p><br>
<p>According to Kudish, it is clear from a popular viewpoint over Southwest Hunter near a trail junction a short distance east of the summit that there has been a great disturbance in the forest. The many scrubby birches visible on the slopes down to Devils Acre from here are the result of an extensive 1903 fire. Its telltale red spruce understory and birch canopy are also evident along the long level section of the Devils Path just under 3,500 ft leading to the Acre from the east.</p><br>
<p>The fire damage and steep slope have also led to a small patch of boreal forest growing on the Hunter side of NY 214 as it ascends into Stony Clove Notch. The elevation there is around 2,100 ft, far lower than such forests are usually found in the Catskills.</p><br>
<h2>Approaches</h2><br>
<p>There are four available routes up Hunter. An unlimited number of trailless routes also, of course, exist but the mountain is rarely bushwhacked. Two offer the possibility of climbing Southwest Hunter on the same trip as well, an option frequently taken by peakbaggers aspiring to join the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club.</p><br>
<h3>Spruceton Trail</h3><br>
<p>The blue-blazed old road to the fire tower from the southwest is the most commonly used route to the summit. While most who take it do so on foot, it is also blazed for horses and has recently been renovated and slightly rerouted for them. Cross-country skiers also use it in the winter as well.</p><br>
<p>It begins at a parking area near the end of Spruceton Road (Greene County Route 6), past the point where pavement ends, 7 mi from NY 42 at West Kill. From the trailhead, 2,083 ft above sea level it is 3.4 mi and vertically 1,957 ft to the summit. Facilities for riders to easily mount horses have recently been added to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The road heads north, following Hunter Brook for a short distance, climbing very gently on a somewhat rocky stretch of road until it crosses the brook on a wooden plank bridge. Eventually, 0.5 mi from the trailhead, it reaches a hairpin turn commonly used as a jumping-off point by hikers beginning the bushwhack up Rusk.</p><br>
<p>After these turns, it begins a more pronounced climb up the side of the brook valley, heading more to the northeast. This levels out at about 2,920 ft when the road reaches Taylor Hollow, the low point between Hunter and East Rusk. An abandoned road continues north down the hollow to private property in the Schoharie Valley below. It is a wide, grassy clearing, and hitching posts are available for horses that wish to take a break.</p><br>
<p>The Spruceton Trail begins its toughest section next with a steady climb to the east. This used to be made more difficult by severe erosion and rutting of the trail, but in the early 2000s DEC did extensive trail work that leveled many turns into gentler switchbacks, making it much more accessible for horses.</p><br>
<p>In the next 1/2 mi it will climb 600 ft to a spring where a barrel and a hitching post has been installed (again for the benefit of horses) and the site of the John Robb Lean-to, a popular log shelter that burned from causes still unknown in late 2005. Camping is forbidden here until the new lean-to is built (note - a new lean-to has been constructed as of Dec 2009 with a fireplace, extensive views into the Spruceton valley, and additional designated camping spots). The spring also makes it possible for hikers to only bring one bottle of water and refill at the spring. From the rock outcrops opposite the trail from the lean-to site, there are excellent views to the west of Rusk, West Kill and the Spruceton Valley.</p><br>
<p>After the lean-to fir and spruce become more pronounced in the surrounding woods, and at about the Colonel&#39;s Chair Trail junction the 3,500 ft line is crossed and the forest becomes boreal. The trail climbs a bit more, then begins long level stretches through the boreal forest with only occasional uphill portions. Drainage is poor in this area, and many hikers are reminded of the Adirondacks by the muddy patches and deep puddles that develop during periods of heavy rainfall. But there are occasional views to the north from outcrops near the trail, and as the summit approaches two short spur trails lead to the north and good-quality reliable springs. The road gets noticeably more winding and steeper as it makes its last climb to the summit.</p><br>
<p>A loop route can be, and frequently is, made by following the Spruceton Trail to the junction with the yellow-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail, descending to Devils Acre for the bushwhack to Southwest Hunter, then returning to the Spruceton trailhead via a combination of the western portion of the Devils Path to West Kill Falls and then the Diamond Notch Trail.</p><br>
<h3>Devil's Path and Hunter Mountain Trail</h3><br>
<p>The next most popular route starts from the southeast, via the Devils Path at Stony Clove Notch. The red-blazed trail begins steeply, switching back past some impressive shale cliffs known as the Devils Portal, then following an old barkpeeler&#39;s road through an area where the hemlock are beginning to regenerate and red spruce have sprung up as associates. It returns to a more standard trail at the upper limit of the hemlocks and levels out just under 3,500 ft, a vertical ascent of about 1,500 ft in its first 1 mi.</p><br>
<p>The next 1.15 mi is a pleasant, level stroll through the heavily logged areas now dominated by paper birch and red spruce. Just before the Devil&#39;s Acre Lean-to, the yellow-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail departs to the north. It reaches the trail junction at the site of the old fire tower after 1.35 mi. From there it is 0.2 mi to the summit on a level but often wet extension of the Spruceton Trail, for a total hike of 3.7 mi and vertical ascent of 2,060 ft.</p><br>
<p>This approach also offers the possibility of visiting Southwest Hunter as well as a detour on the return trip.</p><br>
<p>The summit can also be reached by accessing Devils Path from the West via either trailhead of the Diamond Notch Trail. This route allows hikers to view the scenic Buttermilk Falls at the junction of Devils Path & the Diamond Notch Trail.</p><br>
<h3>Colonel's Chair Trail from ski area</h3><br>
<p>The yellow-blazed Colonels Chair Trail begins at the ski areas "summit" lodge at the end of the promontory on the eponymous ridge, about 3,300 ft in elevation. It follows some of the ski areas snowshoe trails, and a short remainder of the former Mossy Brook Trail through this area (eliminated by the ski areas construction) for about 0.75 mi to the beginning of state land. From there it is a gentle 0.45 mi walk through boreal forest to the junction with the Spruceton Trail, and 1.2 mi to the summit.</p><br>
<p>This route, at 2.3 mi and 700 ft of ascent, is probably the easiest way up Hunter, since the resort runs at least one chairlift to the summit year-round. However, most hikers and peak baggers frown upon claiming the summit this way unless the ski trails are followed from the base, without use of the chairlift. Most of those who use this route to the summit are patrons of the ski area who have rented snowshoes.</p><br>
<h3>Becker Hollow Trail</h3><br>
<p>The least popular route up Hunter is also the shortest... the Becker Hollow Trail, which begins along Route 214 north of Stony Clove Notch. It is only 2.05 mi to the summit from here, but the vertical ascent of 2,270 ft is the greatest of any approach and as a consequence the trail is infamous for being a continuous upward slope with no level stretches. It can be followed either to the trail junction at the old fire tower site, but a short connector leads past a spring and directly to the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Hunters summit is a large clearing dominated by the fire tower and observers cabin. The former may once again be climbed although the cab at the top is locked save for days when volunteer interpreters go up to help; the latter is locked but may eventually be turned into a small museum as has already happened with nearby Overlook Mountain and Balsam Lake Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Some hikers have believed the site of the former fire tower to be the actual summit, as the land at that area seems to be higher when viewed from the fire tower. However, this is an optical illusion similar to that experienced at the top of Mount Davis, Pennsylvania&#39;s highest peak, where lower bumps on the same ridge appear higher since there is nothing nearby for the eye to establish perspective with.</p><br>
<p>A flat rock near the fire tower (and visible when looking down from it) indicates north, with the words "4040 FT" on it. It may be the actual high point, but it is hard to tell since like so many other Catskill summits Hunter is wide and flat.</p><br>
<p>Hitching racks, and a mounting platform similar to the one at the Spruceton trailhead, have been built and/or renovated recently.</p><br>
<h3>Fire tower</h3><br>
<p>A wooden fire tower had been in existence at the summit since the states Forest, Fish and Game Commission built it in 1909, during Fenwicks logging operations, but once those ended it was replaced by a steel one in 1917, then the current one in 1953. At that time, the location of the tower was changed from a smaller clearing 0.2 mi east of the summit to its current location. The footings at this location, a trail junction, are still visible and sometimes cause confusion as to whether this is, in fact, the mountain&#39;s actual summit.</p><br>
<p>Despite being closed after fire lookouts were no longer needed in 1990, its staircase and cab remained easily accessible to visitors and it was frequently climbed to provide a 360-degree view not normally found in the Catskills. Later, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), which administers the Forest Preserve, decided that instead of tearing it down matching funds should be raised from the nearby communities to renovate and reopen it, along with the other four remaining towers in the Catskills, to educate the public and enhance its understanding of the Forest Preserve. In 1997 it was further protected when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and after renovations it was reopened to the public in 2000. The box used by rangers at the top of the tower has since been padlocked and boarded up.</p><br>
<p>Ferrar Glacier is a glacier in Antarctica. It is about 35 mi long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land west of the Royal Society Range to New Harbour in McMurdo Sound. The glacier makes a right  turn northeast of Knobhead, where it is apposed, i.e., joined in Siamese-twin fashion, to Taylor Glacier. From there, it continues east along the south side of the Kukri Hills to New Harbour.</p><br>
<p>It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition, (1901–04) under Captain Robert Falcon Scott, who named this feature for Hartley T. Ferrar, geologist of the expedition. The name Ferrar Glacier was originally applied both to the part of this glacier below its right turn and to the present Taylor Glacier. Thomas Griffith Taylor, geologist of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, under Scott, found evidence that these are not two parts of a single glacier but are two glaciers apposed. With this discovery Scott gave the names Ferrar Glacier and Taylor Glacier essentially as now applied; the Taylor Glacier makes a left turn at Cavendish Rocks and drains east along the north side of the Kukri Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor Glacier is an Antarctic glacier about 54 km long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land into the western end of Taylor Valley, north of the Kukri Hills, south of the Asgard Range. The middle part of the glacier is bounded on the north by the Inland Forts and on the south by Beacon Valley.</p><br>
<p>The glacier was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04) and at that time thought to be a part of Ferrar Glacier. The Western Journey Party of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910 determined that the upper and lower portions of what was then known as Ferrar Glacier are apposed, i.e., joined in Siamese-twin fashion north of Knobhead. With this discovery Scott named the upper portion for Griffith Taylor, geologist and leader of the Western Journey Party.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor Glacier has been the focus of a measurement and modeling effort carried out by researchers from the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Texas at Austin.</p><br>
<p>Like other glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Taylor Glacier is “cold-based,” meaning its bottom is frozen to the ground below. The rest of the world’s glaciers are “wet-based,” meaning they scrape over the bedrock, picking up and leaving obvious piles of debris (moraines) along their edges.</p><br>
<p>Cold-based glaciers flow more like putty, pushed forward by their own weight. Cold-based glaciers pick up minimal debris, cause little erosion, and leave only small moraines. They also look different from above. Instead of having surfaces full of crevasses, cold-based glaciers are comparatively flat and smooth.</p><br>
<p>Lion Rock, or less formally Lion Rock Hill, is a mountain in Hong Kong. It is located between Kowloon Tong of Kowloon and Tai Wai of the New Territories, and is 495 metres high. The peak consists of granite covered sparsely by shrubs.</p><br>
<p>Lion Rock is noted for its shape: its resemblance to a crouching lion is most striking from the Choi Hung and San Po Kong areas in East Kowloon. A trail winds its way up the forested hillside to the top, culminating atop the "lion&#39;s head". The trail can be followed across the profile of the lion, eventually linking up with the MacLehose Trail. The rock provides a view of the city and Hong Kong Island in the distance. The entire mountain is located within Lion Rock Country Park in Hung Mui Kuk, Tai Wai and is made passable by vehicles by Lion Rock Tunnel, which connects Kowloon Tong and Tai Wai.</p><br>
<p>Lion Rock is near another famous rock structure, the Amah Rock. A road in Kowloon City is named Lion Rock Road (獅子石道).</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>After World War II and communists&#39; victory in the China Civil War, many people who fled to Hong Kong from Mainland China lived in squatters in Kowloon, where the Lion Rock is clearly visible. The lives of the era, during which Hong Kong was rebuilt from poverty, was depicted by the RTHK TV series Below the Lion Rock; the first episode was broadcast in 1974). The series featured some of the early work of now famous film directors such as Ann Hui. Its theme song "Beneath the Lion Rock", sung by Roman Tam, is considered to indicate the spirit of the Hong Kong people. The name of the series and its eponymous theme song has since been connected to the "Lion Rock Spirit", used to refer to Hong Kong as a whole.</p><br>
<p>The second version of the government-sponsored Brand Hong Kong contains a siloutte of the Lion Rock. According to the brand, the Lion Rock represents "the Hong Kong peoples can-do&#39; spirit".</p><br>
<p>A banner writing “我要真普選” (I want real universal suffrage) was hung up near the head of the Lion on 23 October 2014 to show supports towards 2014 Hong Kong protests. The banner was removed by the government on 24 October 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Lion Rock Institute is a public policy think tank advocating free market solutions for Hong Kong&#39;s policy challenges.</p><br>
<p>Gavin Young wrote the history of Cathay Pacific Airways in a book entitled Beyond Lion Rock (1988).</p><br>
<p>The reggae band Culture has a song entitled Lion Rock.</p><br>
<p>Karystos  or Carystus is a small coastal town on the Greek island of Euboea. It has about 5,000 inhabitants . It lies 129 km south of Chalkis. From Athens it is accessible by ferry via Marmari from the port of Rafina. Its urban plan was laid out by the renowned Bavarian civil engineer Bierbach, in the middle of the 19th century, near the site of the ancient city of Carystus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Karystos apparently remained inhabited throughout the early Middle Ages. As part of the theme of Hellas, it was also seat of a bishop – a suffragan of Athens – at least since the reign of Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). It was among the towns listed in the 1198 chrysobull of Alexios III Angelos, where the Venetians were permitted to establish trade stations. In 1205 it was captured, as with the rest of the island, by Jacques d&#39;Avesnes, and soon it became the seat of the southern third (triarchy) of Euboea under Ravano dalle Carceri.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that it was at this time, with the construction of the castle of Castel Rosso (some 4 km from the modern town, at the modern village of Myloi) and the rise of piracy, that the town was moved from its coastal location to the inland around Castel Rosso. The town remained an episcopal see under Latin rule, with the Greek bishop remaining in office; in 1222 however it was merged with the Bishopric of Euripos (Chalcis). In 1276/7 it was reconquered by the Byzantines under Licario and held until 1296, when it was recovered by Boniface of Verona. In 1318 it passed into Catalan hands as part of the dowry of Marulla of Verona for her marriage with Alfonso Fadrique. The town was coveted by the Venetians, who already in 1339 offered to purchase it; negotiations dragged on until 1365, however, and only in 1366 did Karystos finally pass into Venetian control when Boniface Fadrique sold the barony to the Republic. After the conquest of Euboea by the Ottoman Empire in 1470, the local Orthodox see was reactivated as part of the Metropolis of Euripos.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Karystos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Kafireas</p><br>
<p>Karystos</p><br>
<p>Marmari</p><br>
<p>Styra</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 674.635 km, the municipal unit 166.950 km.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist sites</h2><br>
<p>The reconstructed Venetian fortress of Bourtzi, built in the 13th century on the eastern beach of the town.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the Venetian castle named Castello Rosso built in 1030 and ancient marble quarries, both at the nearby hamlet of Myloi.</p><br>
<p>The town hall, built at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>A small museum hosted by the Yokaleion Cultural Centre, featuring collections of Hellenistic and Roman era sculptures and pottery.</p><br>
<p>The Orthodox monasteries of Taxiarches, St. George and St. Mavra.</p><br>
<p>The mountain area of Mt. Ochi.</p><br>
<p>Cape Cavo D&#39;Oro.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Diocles of Carystus, 4th-century BC physician</p><br>
<p>Antigonus of Carystus, 3rd-century BC writer</p><br>
<p>Apollodorus of Carystus, 3rd-century BC comedy writer</p><br>
<p>Glaucus of Carystus, 6th-century BC boxer</p><br>
<p>Othon de Cicon, 13th-century Frankish lord of Karystos</p><br>
<p>Zografou  is a suburb of approximately 71,000 in the eastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Actual the community reports a population of 150.000 inhabitants. It was named after the Greek politician Ioannis Zografos. To the east of Zografou lies mount Hymettus. The area, being close to the centre of Athens, developed similar urban sprawl characteristics, with high-rise buildings of even 10 stories tall being the norm. The city is also home to the Athens university campus and polytechnical school campus and therefore, a great part of its population is university students. Zografou includes the smaller areas of Ilissia and Goudi.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Zografou is an inner suburb of Athens, located about 4 km east of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 8.517 km. Towards the east the municipality extends to the forested Hymettus mountain. The built-up area of Zografou is continuous with that of Athens. A large campus of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens is situated in Ano Ilisia, the easternmost quarter of Zografou. Ano Ilisia derived its name from the river Ilisos, which starts at St Eleousa, now in the University campus. Another quarter of Zografou is Goudi, in the northwestern part of the municipality. The main church of Zografou is consecrated to Agios Therapontas (Greek: Άγιος Θεράποντας). With Zografou having been built on the hills of Hymettus, a common sight around the city are some very steep uphill streets.</p><br>
<h3>Transport</h3><br>
<p>Zografou is served by bus lines 140 (Polygono - Glyfada), 220 (Ano Ilisia - Akadimia), 221 (Panepistimioupoli - Akadimia), 230 (Akropoli - Zografou), 235 (Zografou - Akadimia), 250 (Panepistimioupoli - Evangelismos station), 608 (Galatsi - Akadimia - Nekr. Zografou), 622 (Goudi - Ano Galatsi) and 815 (Goudi - Tavros). The eastern beltway Motorway 64 passes through the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the departure of the Ottomans from the area in the 1830s, the area came into the ownership of Ioannis Koniaris, mayor of Athens from 1851 to 1854, and Leonidas Vournazos.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Eleni Vournazos, widow of Leonidas, sells 1,250 stremma of the Kouponia/Goudi area to Ioannis Zografos (died 1927), a Member of Parliament for the Nationalist Party and university professor. Dividing it into plots, he sold them for installments of 112 drachma per month. The first houses were erected in 1919. Within ten years, 100 had been built. At this time, the foundations of the Church of St. Theraponta were erected.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, the area, now known as Zografou, was split from the city of Athens and became an independent community. It was elevated to a municipality in 1947,</p><br>
<p>its first president being Sotirios Zografos, the son of Ioannis. In 1935, the area of Kouponia (now Ano Ilisia) was incorporated into the community.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific Centers, Museums and others</h2><br>
<p>Gounaropoulos Museum, dedicated to the works of painter Giorgios Gounaropoulos. It was founded in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Marika Kotopouli Museum, a museum of modern art, founded in 1990 and housed in the 1926 villa of actress Marika Kotopouli</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Zografou hosts the local sport teams Asteras Zografou, football club founded in 1965 and Filathlitikos B.C., basketball club founded in 1986. In addition, the sport club Ilisiakos, founded in 1927, is based in Ilisia a district that is shared between Athens and Zografou.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Dimitri Kitsikis (1935–) Royal Society of Canada</p><br>
<p>Nikos Kourkoulos (1934–2007) actor</p><br>
<p>Marika Kotopouli (1887–1954) actress</p><br>
<p>Attica 06-13 Zografou 01 Papagou.jpgOdos Papagou in Zografou</p><br>
<p>Attica 06-13 Zografou 04 StThomas Church.jpgChurch of St. Thomas</p><br>
<p>Attica 06-13 Zografou 05 StTherapont Church.jpgChurch of St. Therapont</p><br>
<p>Attica 06-13 Zografou 02 Mansion.jpgVilla Zografou</p><br>
<p>Mount Olympus in the USA state of Utah is one of the most prominent and recognizable mountains viewable from practically every location in the Salt Lake Valley. Mount Olympus is not the tallest peak along the Wasatch Front, but its unusual form and location make it a popular hiking destination for locals. The mountain is situated immediately east of the center of the Salt Lake Valley . Distinctive features of the mountain are its twin peaks and other outcroppings, the highest of which is called "Summit Peak" and which towers above the valley to an elevation of 9,030 ft. Thus, the peak looms about 4,800 ft above the valley floor.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Because of its proximity, visibility, and accessibility to a large metropolitan area, Mount Olympus has been a popular hiking destination for the residents of the Salt Lake Valley for many years. Most hikers reach the summit via the Mount Olympus Trail, which is a steep hike from the mountain base and stretches approximately 3.1 mi to the summit. The last 600 vertical feet of terrain to the summit involves several short semi-technical scrambles that often cause problems for hikers, especially on the descent and have led to numerous rescues.</p><br>
<p>This peak is also a popular winter hiking route because the terrain is not as avalanche prone as many of the surrounding peaks. Due to the trails elevation and tree density, it remains snow-covered until May, and early spring hiking is best aided by snowshoes. Hiding near the base of Mount Olympus lies Utahs second deepest, and the United States&#39; 13th deepest cave, known as Neffs Cave.</p><br>
<p>Somerville Lake is a USA Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on Yegua Creek in the Brazos River basin, 10 miles  northwest of Brenham, Texas, United States. The town of Somerville in Burleson County is adjacent to the reservoir. The lake extends into portions of Burleson County, Washington County, and Lee County. The dam lies in Washington County. The dam and lake are managed by the Fort Worth District of the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The reservoir was officially impounded in 1967, and serves to provide flood control and water for irrigation for the communities downstream. Somerville Lake is a popular recreational destination.</p><br>
<p>Somerville Lake is also commonly known as Lake Somerville.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>Somerville Lake has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Somerville Lake include largemouth bass, hybrid striped bass, white bass, bluegill, catfish, white crappie, and black crappie. The reservoir is surrounded by prairie and rolling grasslands dotted with mixed hardwood forests. There is some standing timber in the upper end of the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>In addition to maintaining the dam that creates the reservoir, the USA Army Corps of Engineers maintains recreational facilities at the lake. Rocky Creek Park and Yegua Creek Park are developed US Army Corps of Engineers parks. Pecan Lake Park and McCain Park are undeveloped US Army Corps of Engineers parks. Boating and fishing are very popular.</p><br>
<p>Lake Conroe is a 21,000 acre lake in Montgomery County, Texas, United States. Even though it is named Lake Conroe, only a small portion of the lake is in Conroe, Texas. Most of the lake is in unincorporated Montgomery County. The lake lies on the West Fork of the San Jacinto River, just west of Interstate 45 off State Highway 105 in Montgomery and Walker counties. Lake Conroe is a popular attraction for boating, jet-skiing, and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The lake runs through classic East Texas Piney Woods forests. Water quality is generally good, with an average depth of 20.5 ft, and a maximum depth of 75 ft. The controlling authority of the lake is the San Jacinto River Authority. The City of Houston owns a two-thirds interest in the lake; the SJRA owns one-third. The lake extends about 21 mi in length and covers 20,118 acres with 5,000 acres in Sam Houston National Forest and capacity of 430,260 acre.ft. Lake Conroe was conceived in 1970 as an alternative water supply for the city of Houston. The lake was completed in January 1973, and it was filled on October 31, 1973.</p><br>
<p>A few celebrities, such as Rudy Tomjanovich, Roger Clemens, Aaron Gray, and Colin Edwards, have residences in the Lake Conroe area.</p><br>
<p>The Adda  is a river in North Italy, a tributary of the Po. It rises in the Alps near the border with Switzerland and flows through Lake Como. The Adda joins the Po a few kilometres upstream of Cremona. It is 313 km long. The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of la Spedla , at 4,020 m.</p><br>
<p>Towns along the river Adda include Bormio, Sondrio, Bellagio and Lecco (both on Lake Como), and Lodi.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Adda&#39;s true source is in some lakes near the head of the Fragile glen, but its volume is increased by the union with several smaller streams, near the town of Bormio, at the Raetian Alps. Thence it flows first southwest, then due west, through the fertile Valtellina, passing Tirano, where the Poschiavino falls in on the right bank, and Sondrio, where is the junction with the Mallero, also on the right. This first half path of Adda makes it the very only one big river of Northern Italy to flow from East to West. It falls into the Lake of Como, at its northern end, and mainly forms that lake. On issuing from its southeastern or Lecco arm, it crosses the plain of Lombardy where it is joined from the left by the Brembo, Serio, and finally, after a course of about 240 km, joins the Po, 13 km above Cremona.</p><br>
<p>The Trezzo sull&#39;Adda Bridge, erected in 1377, holds the world record of 72 m for the longest bridge arch built before the introduction of metal into bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The lower course of the Adda was formerly the border between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, after the Treaty of Lodi, 1454; and on its banks several important battles have been fought, notably that of Lodi, where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1796; several battles have also taken place at the bridgehead of Cassano d&#39;Adda and surrounding countryside.</p><br>
<p>Government House is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, as well as that in Fredericton of the Canadian monarch. It stands on a 4.5 ha  estate along the Saint John River in the provincial capital at 51 Woodstock Road; while the equivalent building in many countries has a prominent, central place in the territorial capital, the site of New Brunswick&#39;s Government House is relatively unobtrusive within Fredericton, giving it more the character of a private home.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Intended to replace the residence of the colonial Lieutenant Governors of New Brunswick that burned down in 1825, Government House was erected between 1826 and 1828 on the site of the former Acadian settlement of Sainte-Anne, and served as meeting place for the viceroy and his Executive Council, balls, and state dinners.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, however, Lieutenant Governor Samuel Leonard Tilley felt the maintenance budget for the house was insufficient and consequently relocated, after which the former viceregal residence took on other roles. From 1896 to 1900, it served as New Brunswicks Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, was a military barracks through World War I, a soldiers hospital following the war, and, from 1934 to 1988, was the J Division regional headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, it was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada, and in 1996 it was designated provincially under the Historic Sites Protection Act.</p><br>
<p>Only on 1 July 1999, after two years of extensive renovation and restoration of the structure and its interiors, was the mansion returned to viceregal service in a ceremony including representatives of the Maliseet First Nation, the ancestors of which performed dances on New Year&#39;s Day 164 years earlier, both times to demonstrate the importance of the relationship between them and the Crown.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>Government House is where the Canadian Royal Family and visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Fredericton. It is also where numerous royal and viceroyal events take place, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of New Brunswick, as well as luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is also at the royal residence that the lieutenant governor will drop the writs of election, swear-in new members of the Executive Council, and hold audience with his premier.</p><br>
<p>The property is owned by the Queen in Right of New Brunswick and, as mandated before its renovation in 1996, is open to the public. In that vein, the grounds of royal estate are frequently the site of public celebrations, such as those for Canada Day and New Brunswick Day.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The royal residence of New Brunswick was built of load-bearing masonry walls and timber floor and roof framing, all clad in a sandstone exterior. The building, designed by architect James Woolford, is in the Georgian style with touches of Adam, being a hip roofed, rectangular, two storey block divided by two perpendicular axes. The main facade is aligned on the entrance and its curved portico, above which is an arched niche and, at the roof, a shallow gable pierced by a rose window; to either side of this are rows of multi-paned, sash windows, the attic having wall dormers, and one storey wings, each with a curved bay window. On the main floor is found the drawing room, dining room, music room, library, two conservatories, and the historical lieutenant governors office; the second floor contains exhibit rooms and the lieutenant governors present office; and the third floor holds the viceroy&#39;s private apartments.</p><br>
<p>Government House is the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador. Government House was a by-product of the wave of administrative initiatives that took place during the 1820s. The royal charter of 1825 bestowed official colonial status for Newfoundland.</p><br>
<p>The first governors of Newfoundland were naval officers who resided on their flagship, anchored in St. John&#39;s harbour. However, Admiral Richard Edwards decided it would be more apt for the Governor to live ashore, and thenceforth the governor resided at Fort Townshend, where the first Government House was constructed. Completed in 1781, it was intended to be a summer house for the governors, but remained in constant use until the present structure was finished in 1831. Never intended for winter use, the inhabitants complained of the cold, and Francis Pickmore even died there in the winter of 1818.</p><br>
<p>The building plans for Government House were drawn up in England. The Ordinance had told the Treasury that workmens wages were too high in Newfoundland, and subsequently, workmen in Scotland were engaged and arrived in St. Johns to begin construction in April 1827. The original plan as conceived by Governor Cochrane was for a two-storey house, plus basement. When completed in 1831, Government House cost £38,175, which was five times the original estimate and an enormous expense at the time. The two-storey building consists of a centre block flanked by slightly lower wings on the east and on the west. The exterior is of rough, red sandstone quarried at Signal Hill, trimmed with English Portland stone.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the new Government House was meant to reflect the proper status of the governor of a province that was now a proper British colony, and a key part of the Empire. The principal rooms for entertaining - a salon, dining room, and ballroom - along with the main entrance hall were laid out in such a manner as to allow for ceremonial processions, and pomp befitting a governor.</p><br>
<p>The Lieutenant-Governors residence is where the Canadian Royal Family and visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted. Inside are also reception rooms, offices and support facilities; the Lieutenant-Governors office is the site of swearing-in ceremonies for Cabinet ministers, where Royal Assent is granted, and where the Lieutenant-Governor receives the Premier.</p><br>
<p>The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<p>Gibbons Creek Reservoir  is a power plant cooling reservoir on Gibbons Creek in the Navasota River basin, 20 miles  east of College Station, Texas, United States. The dam and lake are managed by Texas Municipal Power Agency, who uses the reservoir as a cooling pond for a power plant that generates electricity for the cities of Bryan, Denton, Garland, and Greenville .</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was officially impounded in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Gibbons Creek Reservoir is a popular recreational destination due to its location near the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>Gibbons Creek Reservoir has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Gibbons Creek Reservoir include largemouth bass, bluegill, catfish, Tilapia, white crappie, and black crappie. The water has standing timber and aquatic vegetation but generally is rather turbid. Its shoreline is covered with native grasses mixed with oak, elm, and other East Texas hardwoods.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>Boating and fishing are very popular. The steam power plant on the southwest shore of the lake constantly pumps in warm water that keeps this lake a viable fishing spot year-round, even when other lakes in the area become too cold in the winter months.</p><br>
<p>Recreational fishing and other activities on this lake are regulated by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.</p><br>
<p>Mount San Antonio, colloquially referred to as Mount Baldy, is the highest peak of the San Gabriel Mountains, and the highest point in Los Angeles County, California. The peak is within the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument and Angeles National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Mount San Antonio&#39;s sometimes snow-capped peaks are visible on clear days and dominate the view of the Los Angeles Basin skyline.</p><br>
<p>The peak is pyramid shaped, with a steep south face (Baldy Bowl) and a shallower north face. The summit is accessible via a number of connecting ridges along hiking trails from the north, east, south and southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is almost always referred to as "Mount Baldy" by locals, to the point where many would not recognize the name "Mount San Antonio".</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named by a local rancher after Saint Anthony of Padua. When American settlers arrived and surveyed the land, "Baldy", a reference to the bare fell-field of Baldy Bowl that dominates the south face visible from Los Angeles, became the predominant name, and it has stuck. Nonetheless, "Mount San Antonio" is the official name according to the GNIS, and is still used by a number of institutions (e.g. Mount San Antonio College).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The summit has two peaks: the main peak, elevation 10,064 ft, and a sub-peak, West Baldy, at 9,988 ft.</p><br>
<p>The main peak marks the boundary between San Bernardino County and Los Angeles County.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is in the Angeles National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s southern watershed drains into San Antonio Creek, the north side into Lytle Creek and the Fish Fork of the San Gabriel River. San Antonio and Lytle Creeks are part of the Santa Ana River watershed. San Antonio Creek descends through a deep canyon which has several waterfalls, the last about 75 ft high.</p><br>
<p>East of the summit is Mount Harwood, which is in turn connected by a narrow ridge, "The Devil&#39;s Backbone," to a pass known as the Baldy Notch. At the Notch there is a ski resort, the closest one to Los Angeles. South of the resort, and connected to its ski lift by an asphalt road, lies Mt Baldy Village.</p><br>
<p>There are no roads or maintained trails connecting the mountain to the less populated region to its north, but a use trail leads over Dawson and Pine Mountains to Wright Mountain and the Pacific Crest Trail, overlooking the town of Wrightwood.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Mount San Antonio lies in the front range of the San Gabriel Mountains, one of the Transverse Ranges of Southern California, formed around the San Andreas Fault system. The Transverse Ranges were formed because of a dog-leg bend in the San Andreas, which is a transform fault. The bend makes it difficult for the two plates to move smoothly past one another, and mountains were raised as a result.</p><br>
<p>The prehistoric Hog Back landslide lies in the canyon of San Antonio Creek at 4000 elevation. When the slide occurred, it dammed the river, whose depth built up until the water was released catastrophically, forming a slot canyon which now holds some of the areas few good rock climbing routes (difficulty 5.11, sport).</p><br>
<p>In modern times, notable floods have occurred in 1938 and 1969. The San Antonio Dam was completed in 1956, after a pause due to World War II, in an effort to prevent future floods as severe as the one in 1938, which damaged the low-elevation, highly populated areas below. The dam succeeded in significantly reducing the damage done by the 1969 flood. Hydroelectric plants along San Antonio Creek are tied to the electric grid.</p><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>The lower land area of the mountain consists of an ecological community known as yellow pine forest. Tree species include lodgepole pine, Jeffrey pine (also known as western yellow pine), white fir, and some sugar pine. Limber pine occurs at the higher elevations. These forests are fairly sparse, and are intermixed with chaparral and oak savannah.</p><br>
<p>Higher up, the yellow pine forest community gives way to a pure lodgepole forest. Near 9000 ft (2750 m) these become increasingly krummholzed, and beyond about 9500 ft (2900 m) lies an unforested subalpine zone.</p><br>
<p>The dominant shrubs at the higher elevations are manzanita and bush chinquapin As the elevation increases, there is a higher ratio of chinquapin to manzanita. Other shrubs on the mountain include mountain whitethorn, buckwheat, and mountain gooseberry.</p><br>
<p>Wildflower species include Galium parishii, San Gabriel alumroot, gray monardella, pumice alpinegold, Parrys pussypaws, Nuttalls sandwort, and caulanthus. There are also Ross&#39;s sedge and rockcress. Oreonana vestita, a type of mountainparsley, is adapted to talus.</p><br>
<h3>Animals</h3><br>
<p>Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) are found in the area, mostly above 7000&#39;, and they lamb in the area. Their population is less threatened than those of other subspecies in California. Unlike animals of this subspecies in the Mojave Desert, those in the San Gabriel Mountains cannot be legally hunted and need not compete with aggressive feral burros for food or water.</p><br>
<p>Grizzly bears, featured on the state flag, were once common in the Transverse Ranges, but were driven to extinction in California in the late 19th century, with one of the last animals in the San Gabriels being shot in 1894 by Walter L. Richardson. Black bears did not naturally exist in the San Gabriel Mountains, but in 1933 eleven black bears from Yosemite Valley that had shown problematic behavior were moved to Southern California and released near Crystal Lake. All black bears in the San Gabriels are believed to be descended from this group. Black bears are relatively shy and are almost never known to harm humans.</p><br>
<p>Rabbits and coyotes are found near San Antonio Creek at low elevations, typically below 2000. The most common species of rabbits are the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) and the desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), the jackrabbit being distinguished by its huge ears. Western gray squirrels live in oak forests at low elevations, on both the south side and the desert side of the range. Merriams chipmunk (Tamias merriami) inhabits the San Gabriels in low-elevation areas containing manzanita, below the yellow pine forest community.</p><br>
<p>Rodents found at higher elevations in the San Gabriels include lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosus), all the way up to the tree line, and the California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) in the yellow pine forest on the south side of the range. They hibernate in winter. Rabbits may also occasionally be observed at high elevations.</p><br>
<p>The two species of chipmunk are difficult to distinguish visually, and firm identification may require examination of their pubic bones, but the Lodgepole chipmunk has brighter white stripes. It is easier to distinguish the western gray squirrel (gray, with a white belly and a big, bushy tail) from the California ground squirrel, which is spotted and has a gray area on the back of its neck.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hiking trails reach the summit from four sides of the mountain, and one route can be completed with assistance from the nearby ski lift.</p><br>
<p>For mountaineers, the winter and spring offer a snow climbing challenge. The "Baldy Bowl" south of the summit is often climbed with crampons and ice ax, depending on snow conditions. The bowl can be treacherous for inexperienced climbers as some sections have slopes of 45° to 50°. Avalanches and rock fall are both hazards. There are also a number of summer routes to the summit involving cross-country travel or scrambling, and it is possible to rappel down the canyon of San Antonio Creek.</p><br>
<p>For road cyclists the climb through Mt. Baldy Village to the base of the ski lifts is popular. It has been used as the finish of the penultimate stage of the 2011 and 2012 Amgen Tour of California.</p><br>
<p>Since 1965, each Labor Day, the San Antonio Canyon Town Hall has sponsored a "Run to the Top" on Mt. Baldy in which a 8 mi course over roads and trails ends at the 10,064 ft summit for a 4,000 ft elevation gain.</p><br>
<p>Dogs are legal in Angeles National Forest, but must be on a leash. Hunting is allowed, but is regulated and requires a license.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Exploitation of resources</h3><br>
<p>The Tongva tribe call the mountain Yoát or Joat, which means snow, and the Mohave call it Avii Kwatiinyam.</p><br>
<p>The name Mount San Antonio was probably bestowed by Antonio Maria Lugo, owner of a rancho near present-day Compton, ca. 1840, in honor of his patron saint Anthony of Padua.</p><br>
<p>The first development in the area came in the Civil War era, and was focused on exploitation of the areas resources both by independent homesteaders and for use by the populated lowland areas. Some of the first people to live permanently in the area were Mormon settlers in Lytle Creek Canyon (1851), orange farmer Madison Kincaid (1865) and fruit farmer and beekeper A.A. Dexter (ca. 1875). A sawmill was built in 1870 upstream from todays Mt. Baldy Village, but it either burned down or was destroyed in the flood of 1884.</p><br>
<p>Ever since 1882, the San Antonio Water Company has controlled the water rights in San Antonio Canyon, including its three hydroelectric plants.</p><br>
<p>A tributary of San Antonio Creek flows through what is now known as Icehouse Canyon. Because the canyon is deep, its north-facing slope retains snow late into the spring, and in 1859 Victor Beaudry and Damien Marchessault built an icehouse there. The ice was brought down from the mountains to Los Angeles by mule and wagon and sold door to door, as well as being used at Beaudry and Marchessault&#39;s ice cream saloon, the only one in the city. (Marchesseault was later mayor of Los Angeles.)</p><br>
<p>Gold mining did not begin in the area until decades after the California Gold Rush, with the earliest historical record being of the death of miner Jacob Skinner in 1879 in his mine at the Hog Back slide. Placer mining gave way to hydraulic mining in the 1880s and continued through the 90s. The Banks (Hocumac) Mine was built in 1893 near the Baldy Notch. It was supplied with water by a mile-long pipeline, remnants of which can still be seen, running all the way from San Antonio Creek. The remains of the Gold Ridge Diggings (a.k.a. Agamemnon mine) (1897-ca. 1904) are found near the headwaters of San Antonio Canyon, in the canyon below the Ski Hut. The miners were kept supplied by sheep hunter turned merchant Fred Dell, who built Dells Camp near the present Mt. Baldy Village, and by mule driver Fletcher Manker, who built a store at what is now known as Manker Flat. Gold mining began in Icehouse Canyon in 1892. The Hocumac and Gold Ridge mines were unsuccessful due to the uncertain water supply, the low amount of gold in the ore, and a water-pollution lawsuit filed by downslope farmers.</p><br>
<h3>Resort era</h3><br>
<p>The late 19th century saw increased interest in the area for its own qualities and for recreation rather than for its resources. In 1875 an army surveying party made the first recorded ascent to the mountains summit, via Lytle Creek, and estimated the height of the peak. In 1880, W.H. Stoddard, brother-in-law of railroad baron Collis P. Huntington, built a resort in what is now called Stoddard Canyon. Frank Keyes converted Dells Camp from a mining support station into a rental resort. Early mountain guide William B. Dewey led parties of guests to the summit on a loop corresponding to the present-day Mt. Baldy Trail and Devils Backbone Trail. Rental cabins were also built in Evey Canyon. Access to the upper canyon was impeded by the precarious nature of the trail going over the Hog Back slide, but by the turn of the century Dells Camp nevertheless entertained as many as a hundred guests in a weekend.</p><br>
<p>Charles Baynham built a second camp nearby in 1907, and in the following year the canyon became accessible by automobile. In 1910, Dewey built the Baldy Summit Inn, 80 feet below the mountaintop. Despite the grand name, it consisted of only a set of tents and some storage buildings. It was damaged by a cooking fire in 1913 and never rebuilt. By the early 1920s there were numerous trail camps and resorts such as the Icehouse Canyon Resort, Bear Canyon Resort Eleven Oaks, Baynham Camp, Alpine Woods, Trail Inn, Snow Crest, and Kelly&#39;s Camp.</p><br>
<p>The shift from exploitation of natural resources to recreational use of San Antonio Canyon resulted in a series of bitter conflicts between the San Antonio Water Company and the camp owners. Pollution of the watershed and an 1899 brush fire led the company to buy Dells Camp and close it, wrest legal control of the road away from Baynham, close off the canyon with locked gates, and station armed guards to keep out intruders. But after some time and various legal battles, the company decided to profit from recreation rather than discouraging it. It bought Baynhams Camp in 1907 but then hired Baynham to manage it, charging tolls on the road from 1908 to 1922. The camp was renamed Camp Baldy in 1910.</p><br>
<p>When the area became a national forest in 1908, the forest service began offering 99-year leases of plots of land in Icehouse Canyon for vacation cabins. By 1938 there were 105 cabins and additional cabins at a resort owned by the Chapman family. Leases were also sold, both by the government and by the water company, at Camp Baldy and Manker Flat.</p><br>
<p>Between 1922 and 1927 American physicist Albert A. Michelson performed a number of experiments involving bouncing a beam of light off a reflector at Lookout Mountain,</p><br>
<p>a prominence 3.2 mi southwest of the peak, from the observatory at Mount Wilson some 22 mi away. The distance was accurately measured with state-of-the-art surveying techniques,</p><br>
<p>and the speed of light calculated to be 299,796±4 km/s. The concrete piers on Lookout Mountain still exist.</p><br>
<h3>Prohibition</h3><br>
<p>During Prohibition, the area became known as a place where one could get a drink away from the watchful eyes of the police. Former Yosemite concessionaire Foster Curry, his wife Ruth Curry, and Ruth&#39;s second husband, movie star Edmund Burns, turned Camp Baldy into a playground for affluent residents of Los Angeles, with a swimming pool, casino, and a dance pavilion.</p><br>
<p>In 1935–1936 the Civilian Conservation Corps built a wide trail along the Devil&#39;s Backbone from Mt. Baldy Notch to the summit, a route which had previously been a narrow and dangerous due to the precipitous drops on one, or in some areas both, sides.</p><br>
<p>Aurelia Harwood, the first female president of the Sierra Club, was active in the area. Mount Harwood, a subsidiary peak of Mount Baldy, is named for her. The Sierra Club built a lodge, also named after her, at Manker Flats in 1930. It is open to Sierra Club members. In 1935 the club added a mountain hut, known as the "ski hut," by the base of the Baldy Bowl near the headwaters of San Antonio Creek. The ski hut burned down that year but was immediately replaced and remains standing today.</p><br>
<h3>After the 1938 flood</h3><br>
<p>The flood of 1938 destroyed most of the manmade structures in Camp Baldy and Icehouse Canyon. The casino was destroyed, but the hotel (today&#39;s Buckhorn Lodge) survived. No new building has been allowed in Icehouse Canyon, and the Icehouse Canyon resort was destroyed in 1988 by a suspicious fire. Camp Baldy was rebuilt and later became Mt. Baldy Village. The ski lift dates to 1952 and was expanded and modernized in 1975. As the surviving privately owned cabins in Icehouse Canyon, Baldy Village, and Manker Flats come to the end of their 99-year leases on their lots, the Forest Service, no longer wishing to be a landlord, is converting them to private ownership. A Zen Center was established at Manker Flats in 1971. As of 2014, the only resorts and lodges serving the general public are the Mt. Baldy Lodge and Buckhorn Lodge in Mt. Baldy Village, and there is also a restaurant at the Baldy Notch ski area.</p><br>
<p>Today, Mt. Baldy Village has its own fire department, church, visitor&#39;s center and school district. Mt. Baldy School (the abbreviation is the standard usage) has about 105 students. The visitor center is tended by unpaid volunteer rangers. As of 2013, the Forest Service does not have any paid rangers on duty in the area.</p><br>
<p>High Street is a fell in the English Lake District. At 828 metres , its summit is the highest point in the far eastern part of the national park. The fell is named after the Roman road which ran over the summit.</p><br>
<h2>History and name</h2><br>
<p>The Roman road crosses the fell on its journey between the forts at Brougham (Brocavum) near Penrith and at Ambleside (Galava). Situated in one of the quieter areas of the Lakes, the High Street range has quite gentle slopes with a flat summit plateau. It was these characteristics which persuaded Roman surveyors to build their road over the fell tops rather than through the valleys which, at the time, were densely forested and marshy thus making them susceptible to ambushes.</p><br>
<p>The fell&#39;s flat summit was also used as a venue for summer fairs by the local population in the 18th and 19th centuries. People from the surrounding valleys would gather every year on 12 July to return stray sheep to their owners; games and wrestling would also take place as well as horse racing. The summit of High Street is still known as Racecourse Hill and is so named on maps, and fell ponies can be found grazing occasionally on its summit. The last of the summer fairs was held in 1835.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The River Kent, which flows south through the town of Kendal before emptying into Morecambe Bay, has its source on High Street&#39;s southern slopes. Dropping 300 m in 40 km (1000 feet in 25 miles), the Kent is reputed to be the fastest-flowing river in England.</p><br>
<p>High Street&#39;s eastern side is craggy and precipitous as it falls away towards Haweswater Reservoir. There are two tarns underneath the eastern crags — Blea Water and Small Water; Blea Water stands in a classic mountain corrie and at 200 feet is the deepest tarn in the Lake District.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A wall follows the ridge over the flat summit, the highest point marked by an Ordnance Survey triangulation column which has been painted white. The view stretches from the Pennines in the east to a great arc of Lakeland hills filling the western horizon. The Helvellyn range and Southern Fells are particularly striking.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The best ascents of the fell can be undertaken from the east. The climb from Mardale is an exhilarating ridge walk, with views down into Riggindale which at one time might have been supplemented by the sight of a golden eagle — Riggindale had the only bird of this kind left in England, a solitary male, which had been on its own there since 2004, but has not been since 2016. High Street can also be climbed from Patterdale, Kentmere and Troutbeck. Other routes include a walk from Troutbeck - which follows the line of the Roman road. The full south-to-north traverse of the High Street ridge from Ings near Windermere to the Eamont valley at the northern end of Ullswater is a 30-kilometre hike over twelve summits, and should be undertaken only by experienced walkers.</p><br>
<p>Araxos  is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Larissos in the northwestern part of Achaea, Greece. The community consists of the villages Araxos, Kalogria, Paralimni and Taxiarches. It is located in the coastal plains near Cape Araxos, which separates the Gulf of Patras from the Ionian Sea. There are two lagoons near the village Araxos: Prokopos to the southwest and Kalogria to the north. The Mavra Vouna hills are in the north, Cape Araxos being their northernmost point. It is 4 km west of Lakkopetra, 1 km west of Araxos Airport, 5 km north of Metochi and 13 km west of Kato Achaia.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Araxos Air Base</h2><br>
<p>An auxiliary military airfield was constructed in the area in 1939. Construction of the base began around 1958 and it became operational in 1962. Currently the base is used by 116 Combat Wing of the Hellenic Air Force which consists of 335 Bombing Squadron and 336 Bombing Squadron, both equipped with F-16C/D Block 52+ aircraft. The runway length is 3352 m running in a south to north direction (18/36). The military installations are accessed from Lakkopetra to the north.</p><br>
<p>From 1978 to 2001 Araxos Air Base was also home of the NATO 345 Air Munitions Company. This unit was responsible for USA B61 nuclear bombs intended for delivery by Hellenic Air Force A-7H aircraft under NATO nuclear sharing arrangements. The nuclear weapons were stored in vaults inside the base&#39;s Hardened Aircraft Shelters using the WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System.</p><br>
<h3>Araxos Airport</h3><br>
<p>Araxos Airport (IATA: GPA, ICAO: LGRX) is a civilian airport that uses the military base runway. Araxos is the closest airport to the city of Patras. During summer time the airport serves a few civilian charter flights from northern Europe. The civil aviation installations are accessed from the south.</p><br>
<p>The Peralta Adobe is the oldest building in San Jose, northern California. The adobe was built in 1797, and is named after Luis María Peralta, its most famous resident. The original builder was probably Manuel González.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Manuel González, his wife, and their five children accompanied the Spanish Anza Party to California in 1776. He was one of the founders of the Pueblo de San Jose de Guadalupe, the first municipal government in California, established in 1777. This was the second house that González lived in, the first site was untenable due to winter flooding.</p><br>
<p>In 1804 González died and the adobe went to Luís María Peralta. Peralta was a sergeant in the Spanish Army, commissioner of the Pueblo of San José, and owner of Rancho San Antonio of the East Bay, one of the largest ranchos in Alta California.</p><br>
<p>Purchased by the City of San Jose in 1966, the adobe building was restored, and the surrounding park completed in 1976. The Peralta Adobe is San Jose&#39;s Historic Landmark #1, California Historical Landmark #866, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, the adobe was the first site certified as a component of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Peralta Adobe is a historic house museum, available for tours by appointment. The building covers an area of 20 feet by 41 feet (6 x 12.4 m), and has two connecting rooms of approximately equal size. The walls are about 2 ft thick, and made of adobe blocks that are 22 inches by 11 inches by 4 inches (56 x 28 x 10 cm). The adobe is furnished inside as it would have been 200 years ago. Outside is an outdoor fireplace oven (horno).</p><br>
<p>The adobe and the Thomas and Carmel Fallon House are within The Peralta Adobe & Fallon House Historic Site, on San Pedro Square in downtown San Jose, operated by the local nonprofit History San José. The Fallon House is across the street from the adobe, and was built in 1855 in the Victorian style.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Tower of Hercules  is an ancient Roman lighthouse on a peninsula about 2.4 km from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia, in north-western Spain. Until the 20th century, the tower itself was known as the "Farum Brigantium". The Latin word farum is derived from the Greek pharos for the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The structure is 55 m tall and overlooks the North Atlantic coast of Spain. The structure, built in the 2nd century and renovated in 1791, is the oldest Roman lighthouse in use today.</p><br>
<p>There is a sculpture garden featuring works by Pablo Serrano and Francisco Leiro.</p><br>
<p>The Tower of Hercules is a National Monument of Spain, and since June 27, 2009, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the second tallest lighthouse in Spain, after the Faro de Chipiona.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and history</h2><br>
<p>The tower is known to have existed by the 2nd century, built or perhaps rebuilt under Trajan, possibly on foundations following a design that was Phoenician in origin. It is thought to be modeled after the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Its base preserves a cornerstone with the inscription, permitting the original lighthouse tower to be ascribed to the architect Gaius Sevius Lupus, from Aeminium (present-day Coimbra, Portugal) in the former province of Lusitania, as an offering dedicated to Mars. The tower has been in constant use since the 2nd century and is considered to be the oldest existing lighthouse in the world.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known reference to the lighthouse at Brigantium is by Paulus Orosius in Historiae adversum Paganos written around 415-417:</p><br>
<p>Secundus angulus circium intendit, ubi Brigantia Gallaeciae civitas sita altissimum farum et inter pauca memorandi operis ad speculam Britanniae erigit ("At the second angle of the circuit circumnavigating Hispania, where the Gallaecian city of Brigantia is sited, a very tall lighthouse is erected among a few commemorative works, for looking towards Britannia.")</p><br>
<p>In 1788, the original 34 m, 3-story tower was given a neoclassical restoration, including a new 21 m fourth storey. The restoration was undertaken by naval engineer Eustaquio Giannini during the reign of Charles III of Spain, and was finished in 1791. Within, the much-repaired Roman and medieval masonry may be inspected.</p><br>
<p>The Romans who conquered this region of Spain believed it to be, in a figurative sense, the end of the earth, whence its name Finisterra. This region is notorious for shipwrecks, earning it the name Costa da Morte, "Coast of Death".</p><br>
<h2>Myths</h2><br>
<p>Through the millennia many mythical stories of its origin have been told. According to a myth that blends Celtic and Greco-Roman elements, the hero Hercules slew the giant tyrant Geryon after three days and three nights of continuous battle. Hercules then&mdash;in a Celtic gesture&mdash;buried the head of Geryon with his weapons and ordered that a city be built on the site. The lighthouse atop a skull and crossbones representing the buried head of Hercules’ slain enemy appears in the coat-of-arms of the city of Corunna.</p><br>
<p>Another legend embodied in the 11th-century Irish compilation Lebor Gabála Érenn&mdash;the "Book of Invasions"&mdash;King Breogán, the founding father of the Galician Celtic nation, constructed a massive tower of such a grand height that his sons could see a distant green shore from its top. The glimpse of that distant green land lured them to sail north to Ireland. According to the legend Breogán&#39;s descendants stayed in Ireland and are the Celtic ancestors of the current Irish people. A colossal statue of Breogán has been erected near the Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Possible locations of Brigantia</h2><br>
<p>Early geographical descriptions on the location of Brigantia point out that the town could be actually located in Corunna or in the locality of the modern town of Betanzos. There is some debate about this, as the people from Betanzos claim it as a fact that Betanzos was referred to as "the former city of Brigancia" until the 17th century, both in literary accounts as well as in maps, and they also believe that the name Betanzos is a phonetical evolution from Brigantium &gt; Breganzo &gt; Betanzos. This, however, could be a false etymology.</p><br>
<p>The Betanzos tradition claims that the port of Betanzos was getting too small for the larger mediaeval ships, and that king Alfonso IX of León decided to create a bigger port nearby in the 13th century. The place he chose was an uninhabited place called Clunia, which later on evolved to Cruña and Coruña, and so (in English) to Corunna. The place name Clunia is believed to come from the Proto-Celtic root *klou̯ni (cf. Old Irish cluain), meaning meadow.</p><br>
<p>However, the Coruña tradition maintains that the "port" of Betanzos (which is a fluvial one, in a quite small river) was way too small for the Roman warships to dock, for example when Julius Caesar visited this area with "more than a hundred triremes". It is demonstrated that Corunna was an important Roman site, as graveyards and other Roman remains have been found in the city center, demonstrating that the site was inhabited in the Roman period, and only was deserted in the early Middle Ages due to Viking attacks, when its people moved inland to O Burgo, nowadays Culleredo. The proponents of Corunna also explain the different name as a change that occurred in the Middle Ages, and point out the fact that the lighthouse, which was called "Pharum Brigantium", is placed in Corunna, and at least 25 km walking distance or a whole day&#39;s journey, from Betanzos.</p><br>
<p>Yakutat Bay is a 29-km-wide  bay in the U.S. state of Alaska, extending southwest from Disenchantment Bay to the Gulf of Alaska. "Yakutat" is a Tlingit name reported as "Jacootat" and "Yacootat" by Yuri Lisianski in 1805.</p><br>
<p>Yakutat Bay was the epicenter of two major earthquakes on September 10, 1899, a magnitude 7.4 foreshock and a magnitude 8.0 main shock, 37 minutes apart.</p><br>
<p>The Shelikhov-Golikov company, precursor of the Russian-American Company, under the management of Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, settled Yakutat Bay in 1795. It was known as New Russia, Yakutat Colony, or Slavorossiya.</p><br>
<h2>Other names</h2><br>
<p>Yakutat Bay has had various names.</p><br>
<p>*James Cook called it "Bering Bay".</p><br>
<p>*Jean-François de La Pérouse, who visited it in 1786, named it "Baie de Monti" for one of his officers.</p><br>
<p>*The same year, Captain Nathaniel Portlock named it "Admiralty Bay"</p><br>
<p>*The Spanish called it "Almirantazgo."</p><br>
<p>*It was also called "Port Mulgrave" when Alessandro Malaspina and José de Bustamante y Guerra sailed into the bay.</p><br>
<p>*Yuri Lisyansky called it "Jacootat" or "Yacootat" when he visited in 1805.</p><br>
<p>Mount Douglas is a stratovolcano located south of Kamishak Bay, near the northeasternmost part of the Alaska Peninsula. It lies in the Katmai National Park and Preserve in Kenai Peninsula Borough. The mountain was officially named in 1906 after nearby Cape Douglas based on a 1904 report by USGS geologist G. C. Martin. The Alaska Volcano Observatory currently rates Douglas as Level of Concern Color Code Not Assigned.</p><br>
<p>The volcano has a warm and highly acidic crater lake approximately 160 m (525 ft) wide. In 1992, the lake had a temperature of 21 °C and a pH of 1.1. At the north flank of the volcano unglaciated and relatively uneroded lava flows are found. The last eruption was considered to have occurred during the Holocene (Nye et al.,1998).</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<p>Lovćen  is a mountain and national park in southwestern Montenegro.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lovćen rises from the borders of the Adriatic basin, closing the long and twisting bays of Boka Kotorska and making the hinterland to the coastal town of Kotor. The mountain has two imposing peaks, Štirovnik; 1,749 m and Jezerski vrh; 1,657 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountain slopes are rocky, with numerous fissures, pits and deep depressions giving its scenery a specific look. Lovćen stands on the border between two completely different natural wholes, the sea and the mainland, and so it is under the influence of both climates. The specific connection of the life conditions has caused the development of the different biological systems. There are 1,158 plant species on Lovćen, four of which are endemic.</p><br>
<h2>National park</h2><br>
<p>The national park encompasses the central and the highest part of the mountain massif and covers an area of 62.20 km&sup2;. It was proclaimed a national park in 1952. Besides Lovćen&#39;s natural features, the significant historical, cultural and architectural heritage of the area are protected by the national park.</p><br>
<p>The area has numerous elements of national construction. The old houses and village guvna are authentic as well as the cottages in katuns, summer settlements of cattlebreeders.</p><br>
<p>A particular architectural relic worth mentioning is the road, winding uphill from Kotor to the village of Njeguši, the birthplace of Montenegro&#39;s royal family, the House of Petrović.</p><br>
<h2>Great War</h2><br>
<p>Upon the outbreak of World War I, Montenegro was the first nation to come to Serbias aid, and Nicholas I of Montenegro ordered his army, on August 8, 1914, to commence operations against the Austro-Hungarian naval base in the Bay of Kotor, the Austro-Hungarian Kriegsmarines southernmost base in the Adriatic. It was just across the border from Mount Lovćen where the army had placed several batteries of artillery, and on the same day, Montenegrin guns commenced firing on Austro-Hungarian fortifications. The forts of Kotor and the old armoured cruiser SMS Kaiser Karl VI returned the fire, aided by reconnaissance from navy seaplanes. However, on September 13, Austrian-Hungarian reinforcements arrived from Pola, in the form of three active pre-dreadnought battleships, the SMS Monarch, SMS Wien, and SMS Budapest. They outgunned the Montenegrins, who nevertheless put up a fight for several weeks, with artillery duels almost daily.</p><br>
<p>With the entry of France into the war, the French realised that the capture of Kotor might be beneficial to their own navy and so landed an artillery detachment of four 15 cm and four 12 cm naval guns under the command of Capitaine de frégate Grellier, at Antivari, on September 18–19. It took Grellier a month to move his guns inland but eventually his batteries were set up and positioned in fortifications on the south side of Mount Lovćen. On October 19, the French guns opened fire. The Austro-Hungarians called for reinforcements and on October 21, Admiral Anton Haus despatched the modern battleship SMS Radetzky. With a broadside of four 30.5 cm guns and four 24 cm guns, the Radetsky would tip the balance. Naval seaplanes had been busy taking photographs and mapping accurate positions, and at 16:27, on October 22, the battleships all opened fire. Radetsky made a number of direct hits on the guns and fortified positions on the mountain and on October 24, one of the French 12 cm guns was completely knocked out. On October 26, the Radetsky opened fire before sunrise, catching the French and Montenegrins offguard, and a number of batteries and fortifications were destroyed during what was a heavy bombardment, including another French 12 cm gun. By 10:00, Allied firing from Mount Lovćen had ceased. The following day the Radetsky repositioned closer to the shore and blasted the Allied positions further. Grellier conceded defeat and pulled out his remaining saveable guns. Likewise, the Montenegrins abandoned their fortifications. By November, the French High Command decided to give up its campaign to neutralize and capture Cattaro, and the Radetzky returned to Pola on December 16.</p><br>
<p>In early January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian army launched an offensive into Montenegro, and the battleship Budapest was again used to assist the troops against Lovćen&#39;s renewed defences to such good effect that on the 10th, the Austro-Hungarian troops took the Lovćen Pass and the adjacent heights, where the French guns had previously been. The bombardment of Mount Lovćen played a decisive role in breaking the morale of the defenders of the mountain, and the Montenegrins requested an armistice two days later.</p><br>
<h2>Mausoleum</h2><br>
<p>The biggest and most important monument of Lovćen national park is Petar Petrović Njegoš&#39;s Mausoleum. The location for his burial place and the mausoleum at the summit of Jezerski vrh was chosen by Njegoš himself as his last wish.</p><br>
<p>Clun Forest is a remote, rural area of open pastures, moorland and mixed deciduous/coniferous woodland in the southwest part of the English county of Shropshire and also just over the border into Powys, Wales.</p><br>
<p>It was once a large forest covering an area that stretched from Ludlow up the Clun Valley. It now is only forested in some wooded areas, such as Radnor Wood, though a fairly large area of forest exists on the Wales–England border north of Anchor (the planted Ceri Forest).</p><br>
<p>The ancient Offa&#39;s Dyke runs north-south through the area (and can be walked by the Offa&#39;s Dyke Path).</p><br>
<p>It is a deanery of the Church of England&#39;s Diocese of Hereford.</p><br>
<h2>A Shropshire Lad</h2><br>
<p>A. E. Housman wrote as part of his series of poems A Shropshire Lad:</p><br>
<p>"In valleys of springs of rivers</p><br>
<p>By Ony and Teme and Clun,</p><br>
<p>The country for easy livers,</p><br>
<p>The quietest under the sun...</p><br>
<p>&#39;Tis a long way further than Knighton,</p><br>
<p>A quieter place than Clun,</p><br>
<p>Where doomsday may thunder and lighten</p><br>
<p>And little &#39;twill matter to one."</p><br>
<p>Sham Chun River  serves as the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together with the Sha Tau Kok River and Deep Bay.</p><br>
<p>It formed part of the limit of the lease of the New Territories in 1898 in the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory (also Second Convention of Peking).</p><br>
<p>It separates North District, Hong Kong and the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong. Its source is at Wutong Mountain, Shenzhen. Its tributaries includes Ping Yuen River, Shek Sheung River, Sheung Yue River, Ng Tung River, Buji River and Tan Shan River. The Shenzhen Reservoir also flows into the river when it is full.</p><br>
<p>The river flows into Deep Bay (also known as Hau Hoi Wan and Shenzhen Bay). The Mai Po Marshes is at its estuary.</p><br>
<p>Efforts have been made to alleviate flooding and pollution problems through river training, which produced the Lok Ma Chau Loop.</p><br>
<p>Mount Griggs, formerly known as Knife Peak Volcano, is a stratovolcano, which lies 10 km behind the volcanic arc defined by other Katmai group volcanoes. Although no historic eruptions have been reported from Mount Griggs, vigorously active fumaroles persist in a summit crater and along the upper southwest flank. The fumaroles on the southwest flank are the hottest, and some of the flank fumaroles can roar so loudly that they can be heard from the valley floor. The slopes of Mount Griggs are heavily mantled by fallout from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta volcano.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named for Dr. Robert Fiske Griggs (1881–1962), botanist, whose explorations of the area, after the eruption of Mount Katmai in 1912, led to the creation of Katmai National Monument by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<p>Tmutarakan or Tmutorakan was the name of a Mediaeval Kievan Rus&#39; principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Its site was the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa , situated on the Taman peninsula, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. The Khazar fortress of Tamantarkhan  was built on the site in the 7th century and became known as Tmutarakan  when it came under Kievan Rus control in the 10th and 11th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>An international emporium</h2><br>
<p>The Greek colony of Hermonassa was located a few miles west of Phanagoria and Panticapaeum, major trade centers for what was to become the Bosporan Kingdom. The city was founded in the mid-6th century BCE by Ionians, although there is evidence of others taking part in the enterprise, including Cretans. The city flourished for some centuries and many ancient buildings and streets have been excavated from this period, as well as a hoard of fourth century golden coins. Hermonassa was a centre of the Bosporan cult of Aphrodite and in the early centuries CE was trading with the Alans. There is also archaeological evidence of extensive replanning and construction in the second century CE.</p><br>
<p>After a long period as a Roman client state, the Bosporan kingdom succumbed to the Huns, who defeated the nearby Alans in 375/376. With the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the late 5th century, the area passed within the Roman sphere once again but was taken by the Bulgars in the 6th century. Following the fall of the city to the Khazars in the late 7th century, it was rebuilt as a fortress town and renamed Tamatarkha. Arabic sources refer to it as Samkarsh al-Yahud (i.e., "Samkarsh of the Jews") in reference to the fact that the bulk of the trading there was handled by Jews. Other variants of the city&#39;s name are "Samkersh" and "Samkush".</p><br>
<p>Fortified with a strong brick wall and boasting a fine harbor, Tamatarkha was a large city of merchants. It controlled much of the Northern European trade with the Byzantine Empire and Northern Caucasus. There were also trade routes leading south-east to Armenia and the Muslim domains, as well as others connecting with the Silk Road to the east. The inhabitants included Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ossetians, Lezgins, Georgians, and Circassians. After the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev in the mid-10th century, Khazars continued to inhabit the region. The Mandgelis Document, a Hebrew letter dated AM 4746 (985–986) refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in Taman and who was visited by envoys from Kievan Rus to ask about religious matters.</p><br>
<h2>Medieval history</h2><br>
<p>Although the exact date and circumstances of Tmutarakans takeover by Kievan Rus are uncertain, the Hypatian Codex mentions Tmutarakan as one of the towns that Vladimir the Great gave to his sons, which implies that Rus control over the city was established in the late 10th century and certainly before Vladimirs death in 1015. Bronze and silver imitations of Byzantine coinage were struck by the new rulers during this period.</p><br>
<p>Vladimir&#39;s son Mstislav of Chernigov was the prince of Tmutarakan at the start of the 11th century. During his reign, a first stone church was dedicated to the Mother of God (Theotokos). The excavated site suggests that it was built by Byzantine workmen and has similarities with the church Mstislav went on to commission in Chernigov. After his death, he was followed by a succession of short-lived petty dynasts. Gleb Svyatoslavich was given command of the city by his father, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, but in 1064 he was displaced by the rival Rus prince Rostislav Vladimirovich who in his turn was forced to flee the city when Gleb approached with an army led by his father. Once Svyatoslav left, however, Rostislav expelled Gleb once again. During his brief rule, he subdued the local Circassians (also known as Kasogi) and other indigenous tribes, but his success provoked the suspicion of neighboring Greek Chersonesos in the Crimea, whose Byzantine envoy poisoned him on 3 February 1066.</p><br>
<p>Afterwards command of Tmutarakan returned to the prince of Chernigov and then to the Grand Prince of Kiev, Vsevolod Yaroslavich. In 1079, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich appointed a governor (posadnik), but he was captured two years later by David Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich, who seized the city. Exiled from the city to Byzantium by Khazar agents during this turbulent time, Oleg Svyatoslavich returned to Tmutarakan in 1083 and ousted the usurpers, adopting the title of "archon of Khazaria" (Arakhan of Tmutar), and placed the city under nominal Byzantine control. But he also issued rough silver coins in his own name which included a short inscription in Cyrillic letters. Then in 1094, like Mstislav before him, he returned to Rus to claim the throne of Chernigov.</p><br>
<p>Byzantine interest in the city was maintained through this succession of client rulers, and thereafter by more direct rule for a while, for an important reason. There were naphtha deposits in the area and this was a vital ingredient of their main tactical weapon, Greek Fire. Up until the end of the 12th century the imperial authorities were forbidding their Genoese trading partners access to the city known to them as Matracha.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>In the 13th century the city passed to the Empire of Trebizond (a Byzantine successor state). Its last recorded mention was in a scroll of 1378. The region fell under Genoese control in the 14th century and formed part of the protectorate of Gazaria, based at Kaffa. It was within the territory administered by the Ghisolfi family and was conquered by the Crimean Khanate in 1482 and by Russia in 1791. A possible remaining Khazar connection is suggested by mention of “Jewish princes” in Tamatarkha under both Genoese and Tatar rule.</p><br>
<p>The city subsequently fell into ruin and the site was rediscovered in 1792, when a local peasant found a stone with an inscription stating that Prince Gleb had measured the sea from here to Kerch in 1068. Archaeological excavations of the site were begun in the 19th and have continued since. The habitation level in places exceeds twelve meters.</p><br>
<p>During much of the 17th and 18th centuries the area was dominated by Cossacks centered on the town of Taman, which was located near the remains of Tmutarakan. The modern town of Temryuk is nearby. In modern colloquial Russian, "tmutarakan" has the idiomatic meaning of "the middle of nowhere" (in the sense of being far away from civilization).</p><br>
<p>Ireland&#39;s Eye is a small uninhabited island off the coast of County Dublin, Ireland, situated directly north of Howth Harbour. The island is easily reached by regular tourist boats. The island is currently part of the county of Fingal, for administrative purposes, but was at one time part of the city of Dublin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1803 the Martello Tower was one of three built in Howth on the instructions of the Duke of York to repel a possible invasion by Napoleon. There is also the ruins of a church dating back to 700AD. The ruins of a Martello tower and an 8th-century church (the Church of the Three Sons of Nessan) are the only signs of previous habitation. The tower&#39;s window entrance 5 metres above ground level can now be accessed by a rope that hangs down from the window. The church functioned as parish church for Howth until recent centuries, eventually being replaced by a church in the village due to the limitations of having to take a boat for every service.</p><br>
<p>In Celtic times the island was called Erias Island. Eria was a womans name and this became confused with Erin, derived from Éireann, the Irish name for Ireland. The Vikings substituted the word Island with Ey, their Norse equivalent, and so it became known as Erins Ey and ultimately Irelands Eye. The island was also known formerly as Inis Faithlenn.</p><br>
<p>In September 1852 a woman named Sarah Maria Louisa Kirwan was killed on the island; her husband, William Burke Kirwan, was convicted of her murder.</p><br>
<p>Matthias McDonnell Bodkin claimed in Famous Irish Trials that no murder had taken place, instead that Sarah Kirwan had drowned accidentally as a result of a fit.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Irelands Eye comprises the main island, a range of rocks and an islet called Thulla. The most spectacular feature is the huge freestanding rock called "the Stack", at the northeastern corner of the island, which plays host to a large variety of seabirds, including thousands of guillemots, razorbills, fulmars and gulls. Irelands fifth gannet colony became established on the Stack in the 1980s, and there are now a few hundred pairs breeding there each year. There is a large cormorant colony on the main island, and a few breeding pairs of puffins. Grey seals are abundant in the sea around the island.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Eye is a townland in its own right, with a registered area of 21.5 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Ireland&#39;s Eye is served by two small boat companies from Howth Harbour in the summer months. Access to the island has never been restricted and admission is free, though transportation to the island may not be.</p><br>
<p>The island has long been established as a minor rock-climbing location. About 28 routes have been recorded since the 1940s, though it is believed that climbers have operated on the island since the 1910s or before. Climbing does not take place during the seabird nesting season of April to July.</p><br>
<p>In June 2015 a large portion of Ireland&#39;s Eye was scorched by gorse fires</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Dublin: Howth, SAC proposal, Fingal County Council</p><br>
<h2>Other projects</h2><br>
<p>Stobi  was an ancient town of Paeonia, later conquered by Macedon, and later turned into the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia Salutaris . It is located on the main road that leads from the Danube to the Aegean Sea and is considered by many to be the most famous archaeological site in the Republic of Macedonia. Stobi was built where the Erigón River  joins the Axiós River , making it strategically important as a center for both trade and warfare.</p><br>
<h2>The pre-Roman period</h2><br>
<p>Stobi developed from a Paeonian settlement established in the Archaic period. Located on the northern side of a terrace, the early town covered an area of about 25,000 m&sup2;. Its proximity to the junction of the Erigón and Axiós Rivers as well as its position in the fertile central Vardar valley allowed it quickly to develop a flourishing economy and to establish trade. Nearby Mount Klepa was a lucrative source of marble. The initial Paeonian population was later supplemented by other immigrant groups.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that in 217 BCE, Philip V annexed Paionia during his campaign against the Dardani who had entered Bylazora, the largest Paeonian town.</p><br>
<h2>The Roman period</h2><br>
<p>The city was first mentioned in writing by the historian Livy, in connection with a victory of Philip V of Macedon over the Dardani in 197 BC. In 168 BC, the Romans defeated Perseus and Macedonia was divided into four nominally independent republics. In 148 BC, the four areas of Macedonia were brought together in a unified Roman province. In the reign of Augustus the city grew in size and population. The city grew further in 69 BC once it became a municipium, at which time it began to produce coins printed with Municipium Stobensium. The citizens of Stobi enjoyed Ius Italicum and were citizens of Rome. Most belonged to the Roman tribes Aemila and Tromentina. During Roman times Stobi was the capital of the Roman province Macedonia Salutaris. Emperor Theodosius I stayed in Stobi in 388. Late in the 5th century the city underwent a terrible turn of events. In 479, it was robbed by Theodoric, an Ostrogothic king. The citizens reconstructed the city, but in 518 it was struck by a powerful earthquake. Avaro-Slavic invasions in the 6th century destroyed the city&#39;s economy and infrastructure.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Stobi is a Paeonian word meaning "post, pillar" and is akin to Old Prussian stabis "rock," Old Church Slavonic stoboru "pillar," English staff, Old English stapol "post," archaic Greek stobos "scolding, bad language," Macedonian stolb meaning "post, pillar," Greek stephein "to tie around, encircle," staphyle "grapevine, grape bunch," and Middle Irish sab "shaft." Such a name suggests that it was the site of a large local cultic pillar, though there is no evidence of this.</p><br>
<h2>History of excavation</h2><br>
<p>The Museum of Belgrade was the first and only institution to investigate the city from 1924 to 1936. Serbian archaeologists first discovered public and private buildings in the city and then the city&#39;s theater, built in the 3rd century, and religious artifacts from the central and western part of the city. Research into the city officially ended in 1940. During World War II late Hellenistic graves were found in the Palace of Peristerius, many of which had been covered by buildings. In 1970, between the North and Central Basilica and in the western necropolis 55 graves were discovered. In 1955 in the southern part of the North Basilica 23 Slavic graves dating from the 9th to 12th centuries were discovered. Bronze statues from the archaic and classical periods as well as ceramic objects from the Neolithic era were discovered in the two parts of the civil basilica. An older part of the second synagogue was discovered in the Central Basilica, as well as architectonic structures and 23 Slavic graves in the North Basilica. The most significant finds were uncovered between 1970 and 1980 by Yugoslav and American archaeologists. In this period more buildings were discovered and new expeditions in the western necropolis, the Casa Romana and in the aqueduct network of Stobi revealed more mosaics. From 1981 to 1988 the Episcopal Basilica was unearthed. These investigations confirmed predictions concerning the religion, culture and daily life of its population.</p><br>
<p>A well-preserved marble head of Augustus was unearthed at Stobi in April 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Religion in Stobi</h2><br>
<p>An ancient synagogue dating from the 4th or 3rd century BCE attests to a Jewish presence in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Palace near the eastern wall of the city was built during the Roman period and contains beautiful frescoes. The Temple of Nemesis in the theater, and religious items related to Hygeia and Telesphorus, Artemis Locheia, Apollo Clarious, Jupiter, Dionysus and Hera were common during this time. In the early Christian period Stobi was an episcopal see by 325, when the bishop Budius took part in the First Council of Nicaea. Stobi is one of a small number of cities from the late antique and early Christian period that kept a large number of mosaics. From the 4th to 5th century, several big churches were built and were known for their interior decoration of mosaics and frescoes. Decorative mosaics can also be found in private luxury buildings from late Antiquity, such as the Villas of Theodosius, Policharmosius and Peristerius. New archaeological research has shown that all Christian basilicas in the city discovered thus far were built over ancient buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Historical sites in Stobi</h2><br>
<p>The Northern Basilica has three main parts: a narthex, an exonarthex separated by colonnades and an atrium constructed mostly of marble. In the northern part there is a baptistry and in the southern part are Slavic graves. The church, which was built at the beginning of the 5th century, can be entered from the street Via Principalis Inferior. The Civil Basilica is south of the north basilica and was discovered in 1937. In 1956 archaeologists found that there were seven building phases. Between the North and Civil Basilicas are the ancient Thermae Minores, or "Little Baths" made of stone blocks.</p><br>
<p>The Central Basilica and synagogue can be entered from the Via Principalis street. The Central Basilica was built on a synagogue at the beginning of the 5th century and had two building phases. The floor of the synagogue was discovered 1.5 m under the level of the Central Basilica. Dating from the 4th century, it was built on an older synagogue from the 3rd century, created by the father of the Synagogue of Stobi, Tiberius Claudius Polycharmos. Inside were two vases dating from 121 to 125.</p><br>
<p>The House of the Psalms, in front of the Central Basilica, has a central room with a mosaic floor, a room with colonnades, a big pool and columns in the western part of the yard.</p><br>
<p>Via Axia is one of the main streets in Stobi, oriented east-west. Only a small part of the street has been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Main Town Public Fountain is located on a small square created by the streets Via Axia and Via Principalis Inferior.</p><br>
<p>The Magnae Thermae, or Big Bath, discovered in 1931, consisted of two rooms: one large room with a statue and a pool made of stone blocks. The reconstructed bath was in use until the late 6th century.</p><br>
<p>Via Principalis Inferior was a major street of the city running from the central basilica to the main town fountain, then to house of Partenius, the Palace of Theodosius and the house of Psalms.</p><br>
<p>The House of Peristerius was a large living complex for several families and also had rooms for shops. The Peristerius family owned the rooms in the southern part of the complex. The central part of this complex is a yard under open sky, with fountains on the western side. In the eastern part is an excellent example of floor mosaics and in the middle there is a fountain made of marble. The complex and the mosaics date from the late 4th or the early 5th century. The Via Theodosia street is parallel to Via Axia and it is located between the house of Peristerius and the palace of Theodosius.</p><br>
<p>The Palace of Theodosius was where the emperor Theodosius first stayed while in Stobi. The floor is covered with marble blocks and the peristyle with mosaics in the technique opus sectile. The other rooms are also decorated, dating from the 4th to the 5th century.</p><br>
<p>The House of Partenius is located near the southern part of the Palace of Theodosius, and is connected to it by a wall making it into an L-shaped building.</p><br>
<p>Valavica (Domus Fullonica) is a complex of connected shops and residences, built on older objects. The name describes only an earlier phase of the complex, as later in the 5th century there was also a workshop for painting and making carpets. The complex was in use from the 1st century to the 6th century.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Basilica, dating from the 5th and 6th centuries, with a baptistery to the south. A peacock from the baptistery&#39;s mosaic floor is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 10 denars banknote, issued in 1996, and of the 10 denars coin, issued in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Saint Brandon, also known as the Cargados Carajos Shoals, is an Indian Ocean archipelago about 430 km northeast of Mauritius consisting of a number of sand banks, shoals and islets. Saint Brandon consists of five island groups, with about 28–40 islands and islets in total, depending on seasonal storms and related sand movements. There are 22 named islands and shoals. The archipelago is low-lying and is prone to substantial submersion in severe weather. It has an aggregate land area estimated variously at 1.3 km&sup2; and 500 acre. Economic activity in the region is limited to fishing on the very extensive shallow bank covering approximately 900 square miles around the islands. By the early 19th century, most of the islands were in use as fishing stations. Geographically, the archipelago is part of the Mascarene Islands and is situated on the Mascarene Plateau formed by the separation of the Mauritia microcontinent during the separation of India and Madagascar about 60 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Politically, Saint Brandon is part of the territory of Mauritius and is grouped within the Outer Islands of Mauritius along with Agaléga, Tromelin (sovereignty disputed with France) and the Chagos Archipelago (sovereignty disputed with Britain), including Diego Garcia. The Outer Islands are defined as "all the islands comprised in the State of Mauritius other than the Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues". They are administered from Port Louis by the Outer Island Development Corporation (OIDC), which is responsible for their management and development and reports to the prime minister&#39;s office. Under a judgment by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on 30 July 2008, 13 of the outer islands were deemed to have been a permanent grant to the Raphael Fishing Company Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The reef measures more than 50 km from north to south, and is 5 km wide, cut by three passes. The reef area is 190 km&sup2;. The islands have a small transient population, mostly fishermen, counted at 63 people on census night in 2001. The bulk of this transitory population, approximately 40 people, live on Île Raphael, with smaller settlements existing on Avocaré, Coco, and Île du Sud. A settlement on Albatross Island was abandoned in 1988. The islands are rich in marine flora and fauna, but on some islands the latter have been severely affected by the uncontrolled presence of rats.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In the past, Cargados Carajos was a large, volcanic island (part of the Mascarenes, caused by the Réunion hotspot). Over time however, the island eroded until it became submerged and a coral atoll was left behind. The archipelago is part of the Mascarene plateau, a submarine plateau north and east of Madagascar that is the second largest in the Indian Ocean after the Kerguelen Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Individual islets on the reef include, roughly north to south, the following:</p><br>
<p>Albatross Island 16&deg;14&prime;27&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;35&prime;31&Prime;E longitude, 1.01 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Îlot du Nord (Île du Nord, North Island) 16&deg;23&prime;16&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;38&prime;32&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Île Raphael (Raphaël - Raphael Fishing Company) 16&deg;26&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;36&prime;18&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Îlot Siren 16&deg;28&prime;05&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;34&prime;49&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Île Tortue 16&deg;29&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;41&prime;014&Prime;E longitude, 0.13 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Pearl Islet (Île Perle) 16&deg;32&prime;46&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;30&prime;20&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Île du Sud (South Island, l&#39;île Boisées -Raphael Fishing Company ) 16&deg;48&prime;55&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;30&prime;09&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Avocaré Island (Avoquer, L&#39;Avocaire -Raphael Fishing Company ) 16&deg;36&prime;10&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;38&prime;26&Prime;E longitude, 0.02 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Petite Capitane</p><br>
<p>Grande Capitane</p><br>
<p>Mapare Islet 16&deg;34&prime;22&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;42&prime;08&Prime;E longitude, 0.4 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Frigate Islet (Île Frégate) 16&deg;35&prime;55&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;30&prime;49&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Îlote du Paul (Île Paul)</p><br>
<p>Puits A Eau</p><br>
<p>Baleine Rocks (La Baleine - Raphael Fishing Company)</p><br>
<p>Île Veronge (Verronge) 16&deg;40&prime;43&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;36&prime;23&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Veronge Ilot</p><br>
<p>Île Poulailer</p><br>
<p>Palm Islet</p><br>
<p>Chaloupe 16&deg;45&prime;08&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;34&prime;21&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Courson</p><br>
<p>Coco Island (Île Cocos, Île aux Cocos - Raphael Fishing Company) 16&deg;48&prime;56&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;30&prime;09&Prime;E longitude, 0.5 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>A number of unnamed islands and sand cays complete the Cargados. The total number of islands on the reef is close to 40.</p><br>
<p>Siren Island, Île du Sud, Pearl Island (Île Perle), and Frigate Island (Île Frégate) are west of the reef, while North Island (Île du Nord) is about 4 km northeast of the northern tip of the reef.</p><br>
<p>Albatross Island, about 18 km north, is geographically a separate single coral island at location 16°15S, 59°35E.</p><br>
<p>Albatross Island is the highest (its highest point is 6 m above sea level) and the largest of the islands in the group, with an area of 1.01 km&sup2, followed by Raphael, Tortue, Avocaré, Coco Island and Île du Sud.</p><br>
<p>The main settlement is on Île Raphael, which is held by the Raphael Fishing Company together with twelve other islands (lîle du Sud (or lîle Boisées), Petit Fou, lAvocaire, lîle aux Fous (Fous, Ile Fou), lîle du Gouvernement, Petit Mapou, Grand Mapou, La Baleine, lîle aux Cocos, Verronge, l&#39;île aux Bois and Baleines Rocks) under a permanent lease. Île Raphael can have up to 35 resident employees and a coast guard and meteorological station (with eight residents in 1996). Smaller settlements exist on Avocaré, Coco, and Sud; the settlement on Albatross was abandoned in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Cargados comprises about 190 km&sup2; of reefs. It has perhaps the largest algal ridge in the Indian Ocean. Coconut trees can be found on a few islands as well as bushes and grass. The islands are covered with white granular sand from eroded coral, and a thick layer of guano can be found in most places.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline is principally basalt boulders cemented basally by beachrock. The peripheral fringing reefs are exposed to a considerable south-east swell; accumulated water flows with dangerous velocity through the pass between Le Chaland and Ile des Deux Cocos (Procter and Salm, 1974). The reefs are described by Sabn (1976). The western part of the bay has a coral bank and a fringing reef, dominated by staghom Acropora, with an irregular front which merges with the coral banks; the reef flat has appreciable coral cover. North of this, or deeper into the bay, are several isolated patches of coral growing in deeper water. The eastern border has reefs with a greater diversity of corals, in particular, enormous hillocks of Pavona spp. with Mycedium tenuicostatum which is unusual in</p><br>
<p>Mauritius. On the sandy substrate, Goniopora and Pontes provide hard substrate for several other species, notably Acropora and Pavona. Large tabular Acropora corals are also conspicuous, and when dead or overturned, provide substrate for other colonizers. These patches have expanded and fused to provide the numerous, large coral banks found in the Bay. Only twenty-eight coral species have been recorded which is probably due to the uniform habitat. Further off shore lies a peripheral fringing reef. This has not been surveyed, and approach to it is difficult because of the south-easterly swell. Noteworthy Fauna and Flora include ninety-one species of fish recorded (Procter and Salm, 1974). The Bras de Mer du Chaland has a fringe of mangroves especially along the southern border.</p><br>
<p>This complex of low islands, coral reefs and sand banks arises from a vast shallow submarine platform. The main structure is a large, 100 km long crescent-shaped reef whose convex side faces towards the south-east trades and the South Equatorial</p><br>
<p>Current. The reef front of the main reef recurves inwards at both ends and is cut by two or three passes. Behind the reef there is a vast area of shallows, sand banks and about twenty islets and cays. Some islets lie near the passes but the majority lie well to leeward of the main reef or on the southernmost recurved end. Many patch reefs lie amongst the several hundred square kilometres of shallow water and banks behind the main crescentic "backbone" (Faure, 1975). The most northerly island is Albatros, which lies about 12 miles (19.3 km) north of the main reef on the rich fishing grounds of Grandes Cameaux, which link up 150 miles (240 km) further north with the Nazareth Banks, another important fishing area. To the north of Cargados Carajos itself lies Ile du Nord (St Brandon). St Raphael, (Establishment Island) Iles at the northern end of the main reef, the main curve of which shelters Perle, Fregate, and Ile Paul in the central region, and a small chain of over a dozen islands at the southern end. Temperatures are 23-26 °C, with rainfall of 1050 mm a year, most falling in January to April. The climate is dominated by the south-east trades. Cyclones can cause considerable damage. In 1948, Il aux Fous disappeared and Avoquer was submerged by 2 m of water. Petit ile Longue was swept away in a later cyclone, but is now reappearing. The South Equatorial Current is dominant.</p><br>
<p>The main reef has a very broad reef flat, extending up to several hundred metres across in parts. At its seaward edge, it is characterized by a massive algal ridge (Gardiner, 1907; Strauss in lilt., 9.7.84) whose dimensions would appear to make it by far the largest such structure that has been reported for the Indian Ocean. Together with much of the broad reef flat it is emergent at low tides. Apart from calcareous red algae it supports a few pocilloporoid corals. The reef slope to seawards is described by Strauss (in litt., 9.7.84) as largely devoid of live corals and with few fish. Down to at least 20 m depth the substrate is swept clear of attached biota, although on the sides of spurs or buttresses a few corals exist. Underwater photographs of some of the numerous knolls and banks behind the reef show that the density of corals and soft corals is typical of many very sedimented areas and shallow lagoons in the Indian Ocean. Sedimentation and turbidity is so high in the lee of the main reef, due to floating and suspended organic matter (Strauss in litt., 26.6.84), that visibility is reduced almost to zero in some places. The vast areas of sand which accumulate in the leeward platform suggest plentiful limestone production on and around the reefs and from the main seaward reef. Four scleractinian coral genera have been recorded from the shoals (Stoddart, 1984) but more will certainly be found. The islands are home to vast numbers of seabirds (Feare, 1984; Gardiner, 1907; Strauss in litt., 9.7.84). Staub and Gueho (1968) found a total of 26 species. Blue-faced Boobies Sula dactylatra melanops are found on Serpent Island and Ile du Nord. Large populations of Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata and White Terns Gygis alba occur on Albatros, St Raphael and Siren Islands. The islands were once important nesting sites for Green Chelonia mydas and Hawksbill Turtles Eretmochelys imbricata. The Coconut Crab Birgus latro may occur on the islets but there are no confirmed records. Cargados Carajos is reported to be the only place where the spider shell Lambis violacea has been found (Robertson, 1974). Scientific Importance and Research Scientific visits were made by Gardiner (1907) and Staub and Gueho (1968), who provided historical notes and whose interest was mainly ornithological and botanical. An expedition including USA National Museum scientists visited the shoals in 1976 (Strauss in litt., 26.6.84) and carried out mainly ichthyological studies, but provided the only data which is available on the reef biota. The algal ridge is an important feature of the shoals and appears to be the largest recorded for the Indian Ocean. Meteorological data has been recorded on St Raphael since 1944 and is of value in tracking Indian Ocean cyclones (Staub and Gueho, 1968). Management The Fishing Company is responsible for enforcement of both national and local regulations and to date management appears to have been quite good (UNEP, 1984).</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, a turtle Reserve was established at Ile du Nord by the Raphael Fishing Company and landing on this island was permitted only in the summer (Staub and Gueho, 1968) under the Raphael Fishing Company&#39;s Regulations.</p><br>
<p>The reefs of Mauritius have been overfished and have suffered from the effects of tourism and other development. Mauritius plans to establish two marine reserves of coral reefs that were proposed for protection in 1974. This may demonstrate the pace of protection of natural resources in the area, slowed by the complications of new independence.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the US Government proposed sending a scientific expedition to St Brandon together with the Smithsonian Institution and The National Geographic but this opportunity appears to have been lost at the time due to evasion... and buck passing.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the proposal was made to designate Perle and Fregate Islands as Nature Reserves (UNEP, 1984).</p><br>
<p>On some islands, rats, rabbits and chicken are damaging the native fauna which consist mainly of turtles and birds and it is unclear how much longer the archipelago will remain a refuge without international protection. The Mauritius economy is among the worlds fastest growing. However, there is pressure to increase tourism. Sugar, introduced by the French, is Mauritiuss main crop and represents 17 percent of the country&#39;s exports, but the price of sugar is dropping and increased tourism is seen as an important way to diversify the economy.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a survey of seabirds and turtles of St Brandon was undertaken. "We estimated that 1 084 191 seabirds comprising seven breeding species and excluding non-breeders were present at the archipelago and we counted 279 turtle tracks and nesting pits of green turtles Chelonia mydas. Hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata were also present. Analyses of 30 different islets that make up the atoll showed that the seabird species mostly partitioned their use of islets based on islet size, with four species preferring larger islets and two species preferring smaller islets. Alien species introduced historically are still present and other threats, such as shipwrecks, remain. We propose conservation and other measures that should adequately protect the birds, turtles and coral reef by treating the atoll as a system."</p><br>
<p>St Brandon has been proposed for a Marine Protected Area by the World Bank, has been identified as an ‘Important Bird Area’ in Africa by BirdLife International, as a Marine Important Bird Area under the Nairobi Convention, and a Key Biodiversity Area by the CEPF.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, The Ministry of Environment & Sustainable Development issued the "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report" which stated that "There is an urgent need to allocate more resources for a closer monitoring of the environmental assets of the islands." It further recommended that St Brandon be declared a Marine Protected Area.</p><br>
<p>Raphael Fishing Company and the international conservationist Nathalie Boulle consult with and work closely with the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation in protecting and promoting the unique ecology of St. Brandon and, in 2013, the latter was awarded the Presidents Medal by HIH Princess Takamodo of Japan for being ‘a strong supporter of the Mauritius Wildlife Foundation, encouraging and supporting their application to become a Bird Life Partner, and sponsoring their delegate to the 2013 World Conference’; for core contributions and service to the Bird Life Partnership; for being a major contributor to Bird Life&#39;s core work through unrestricted gifts as Founder Patron’</p><br>
<p>In the President&#39;s Report of the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation dated March 2016, St Brandon is declared an official MWF project in order to promote the conservation of the atoll.</p><br>
<p>In April 2016, The international conservationist Nathalie Boulle together with the Raphael Fishing Company Ltd., funded and organised a seven-day fact-finding mission by some of the world&#39;s experts. Three highly acclaimed international experts (Professor Henk Bauwman (Ecotoxicology, Environmental Pollution, Bird Ecology); Professor Tony Martin (world’s foremost expert on marine mammals) and Dr. Nick Cole (herpetologist; MWF Islands Restoration Manager) inspected the islands to raise awareness about the need to protect the islands and to investigate, for the longer term, the effects of plastic and heavy metal pollution in the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a documentary was made in French on Conservation on the Raphael Fishing Company islands held on permanent lease.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The atoll was probably discovered in 975 A.D. by Arabian sailors along with Dina Arobi ("Abandoned Isand" - Mauritius) and may be referred to as "Baixos" on the 1502 Cantino Planisphere. It was named in 1506 by Portuguese sailors who put ashore for provisioning on their way to India. Pirates have used the islands as a refuge. In 1598, the Dutch occupied the islands. Mauritius and its associated islands were colonised by the French in about 1715, granted by the King of France to the Compagnie des Judes in 1726 but retroceded to the French Crown in 1765. In the book The history of Mauritius, or the Isle of France, and the neighbouring islands; from their first discovery to the present time by Charles Grant, the author quotes from his fathers papers that "The bank of Corgados Garayos was, in 1742, the first object of the researches made by the boat named the Charles, and the tartan the Elizabeth, dispatched from the Isle of France (Mauritius) by order of M. Mahe de la Bourdonnais, at that time Governor of it. These two vessels having made it on the 27th of August, anchored there, and traced a plan of it, by which it is represented in the form of an horse-shoe, and of six leagues in extent, running north-north-east and south-west. These two boats not having been on the north side, and, consequently, not having perceived the isles which lay off it, its small extent, and the affinity of its latitude and longitude with that of Saint Brandon, on which an English vessel, called the Hawk, (le Faucon) was stranded on her return from Surat to Europe, induced me to consider it as one and the same shoal" Saint Brandon was referred to as Cargados in Samuel Dunns world map of 1794.</p><br>
<p>In 1806 Napoleon ordered the proclamation of the Civil Code as the Law of Mauritius and its islands. When, in 1810, Mauritius and its islands were taken by force of arms by Britain, the articles of capitulation confirmed to the inhabitants, in accordance with British constitutional practice, the continuance of their own laws, i.e. the Code Napoleon as it then stood.</p><br>
<p>The islands became part of a British Crown Colony in 1810. In 1820 the then Governor General of Mauritius granted jouissances in respect of the five groups as follows. He granted to Ozile Majestre alone a joussance exclusive over one group, the Iles Boisées, and to two individuals, Ozile Majestre and Dominique Bétuel, jouissances en partage over another group of six islands (Petits Foux, Lavocaire and four others). He granted three further jouissances exclusives to respectively M. Burceret (La Baleine and l’île aux Cocos), Mme. Veuve Raphaël (l’île Raphaël) and Mr William Stone (Ile Veronge and Ile aux Bois). All these jouissances were unlimited in time. Under a deed of transfer dated 4 September 1900, M. Louis Souchon, apparently the then owner of the jouissances relating to Iles Boisées and the six islands, sold the jouissances to the St Brandon Fish & Manure Co. Ltd. Under a second deed dated 20 September 1900 The Mauritius Cooperative Engrais Chimiques Co. Ltd., acting as owner of the remaining three jouissances, sold these to the St Brandon Fish & Manure Co. Ltd., which thus acquired all five groups of the St Brandon Archipelago. The Colonial Government was asked to give its consent to such sales, and on 19 October 1900 notified the purchaser company that it had no objection to the transfers provided that (in translation) “the jouissance which the said company possesses of the above islands and islets be converted in accordance with section 26 into a permanent lease”. The Government’s requirement was accepted by the purchaser company and led to the Deed of 11 October 1901. The Deed, described as a “permanent lease by the Colonial Government to the St Brandon Fish & Manure Company Limited” was executed on behalf of the government by the Surveyor-General, M.de Coriolis, who on the government’s behalf ratified the two September 1900 sales to the purchaser company. The Deed formally declared that “… the jouissance currently held by the St Brandon Fish & Manure Company Ltd of the islands and islets referred to above be converted to a permanent lease in accordance with the above Ordinance, claiming the rights of those to whom the Government of Mauritius granted it originally” and that the lease was to commence as from 2 October 1901. The “permanent lease” contained a number of conditions. In particular, the St Brandon Company was to export all the guano it found on the islands and to pay the Government a royalty of 5 rupees per ton. All the produce of the islands was to be sent to Mauritius.</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, “les clauses & conditions contenues aux actes de concession de la suds: jouissance sont maintenues dans leur intégralité & lieront la Société … envers le Gouvernement Colonial….” The company was also to pay the Government an annual sum of one rupee,</p><br>
<p>which was due on 2 October each year.</p><br>
<p>In more modern times the islands were mined for phosphates derived from guano. Mining ceased in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>The St. Brandon archipelago was surveyed by British colonial authorities on 31 March 1911 as part of the Census of Mauritius. This found a total population of 110, made up of 97 men (86 non-Indian and 11 Indian) and 13 women (10 non-Indian and 3 Indian). While the archipelago likely had a resident population at this point, as indicated by the 8 children under the age of 15 and the 5 people over the age of 60, there was also likely a seasonal component, with the largest population segment being men between 20 and 35. 73 men worked in fishing, 11 at the guano mines and 4 were ship&#39;s carpenters. Only one (male) person was recorded as having been born on St. Brandon.</p><br>
<p>The 1911 census reported that three of St. Brandon&#39;s 39 houses were built of stone and eight of wood, with 28 built of thatch. Most of these were single-room dwellings, but 10 had two rooms and one had three. There were also eight shops or stores and a one-room chapel.</p><br>
<p>During October–November 1917, the St. Brandon Islands and, in particular, the lagoon of Cocos Island, were used as a base by the German raiding vessel Wolf, commanded by Fregattenkapitän Karl August Nerger. At Cocos I., Wolf transferred stoking coal and stores from a captured Japanese ship, Hitachi Maru, an operation that took three weeks. The coal was necessary for the raider&#39;s return to Germany. To do so, Wolf had to run a gauntlet of Allied warships from near the Cape of the Good Hope to the North Atlantic. On 7 November 1917, the Germans scuttled Hitachi Maru 16 miles off shore and Wolf departed. She reached her home port of Kiel on 24 February 1918. Still on board were 467 prisoners of war from captured vessels, as well as substantial quantities of rubber, copper, zinc, brass, silk, copra, cocoa and other materiel.</p><br>
<p>In the 1921 census, the population had plummeted to just 22. There were 21 were men (ages 19–48) and just one woman, a married Catholic, aged 31. 14 people were identified as part of the "general population", with 11 of them born on Mauritius, one on Rodrigues and two in the Seychelles. In addition, there were 3 Indo-Mauritanians and 5 "other Indians" from Madras, Calcutta and Colombo.</p><br>
<p>The most common employment on St. Brandon in 1922 was agriculture, with a manager, assistant manager and 11 labourers. Only two young men were recorded as working as fishermen. Three men worked as carpenters, one as a mason, one as a shoemaker and another as a domestic servant. There was no indication that the guano mines were operating.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the liquidators of the St Brandon Company sold the right to the permanent lease to France Ulcoq who sold it in 1928 to the Raphael Fishing Co Ltd (“Raphael Fishing”).</p><br>
<p>Mauritius, and its islands, became an independent state within the Commonwealth in 1968 and a republic in 1992.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, The Ministry of Environment & Sustainable Development issued the "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report" which stated that "For the Outer Islands of... St. Brandon, major improvements are required to promote development, environmental protection and judicious use of natural resources."</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Shipwrecks on the low-lying, rocky reefs of St. Brandon have been recorded since as early as 1662.</p><br>
<p>On 12 February 1662, the Dutch East Indiaman sailing ship Arnhem wrecked itself on the rocks at St. Brandon.</p><br>
<p>In 1780s (?) - The English ship, The Hawk, foundered on Saint Brandon on her return to Europe from Surat.</p><br>
<p>In July 1818, the sailing vessel Cabalva, owned by the East India Company, struck the reef at St. Brandon and was destroyed.</p><br>
<p>On 15 September 1845, the sailing ship Letitia ran aground on Frigate islet.</p><br>
<p>On 3 October l969, the Russian tugboat Argus itself on the reef at St. Brandon. 38 men were rescued by local fishermen.</p><br>
<p>On 29 November 2014, during the second leg of the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race, the sailboat Team Vestas Wind ran aground on St. Brandon. The crew was safely rescued, and a complicated salvage operation succeeded in removing the wreck from the reef.</p><br>
<p>On 1 February 2015, the fishing vessel Kha Yang, with 250,000 litres of fuel in its tanks, ran aground on the reef of St. Brandon. 20 crew were rescued shortly after its grounding, and a salvage operation pumped the fuel from its tanks a few weeks later.</p><br>
<p>On 2 February 2017, the 190 meter long bulk carrier Alam Manis ran aground on Cargados Carajos. The bulk carrier was headed to Pipava from Richards Bay when it ran aground.</p><br>
<h2>Population figures</h2><br>
<p>Kaisariani  is a suburban town and a municipality in the eastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kaisariani is located about 3 km southeast of Athens city centre, and 3 km east of the Acropolis of Athens. The municipality has an area of 7.841 km. Towards the east the municipality extends to the forested Hymettus mountain, where the 11th century Kaisariani Monastery is situated. The built-up area of Kaisariani is continuous with that of Athens and the suburb Vyronas to the southwest. The main thoroughfare is Ethnikis Antistasis Avenue, which connects Kaisariani with central Athens and the eastern beltway Motorway 64.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town was founded in 1922 as a refugee camp for refugees driven from Asia Minor, most of whom coming from Smyrna.</p><br>
<p>Formerly part of the city of Athens, Kaisariani was created as a municipality in 1933. The name was derived from Kaisareia, the historical capital city of Cappadocia, Asia Minor (now Kayseri, Turkey).</p><br>
<p>The Kaisariani rifle range is notable as the site of the execution of 200 communists on 1 May 1944 by the Nazi occupiers as a revenge for the death of German general Franz Krech, who had been killed in a guerrilla ambush near Molaoi a few days before.</p><br>
<p>In the early hours of June 17, 1944, 10 men of the United Panhellenic Organization of Youth and guerillas of the National Liberation Front were killed, when trapped by the Nazi forces at the Monastery of Kaisariani, where they had been hiding.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Kaisariani has its own Greek A2 League basketball team, named Near East Kaisariani, which was founded in 1927. The team plays in the Near East Indoor Arena.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Themis Adamantidis, singer</p><br>
<p>Christos Dantis, singer and songwriter</p><br>
<p>Anna Fonsou, actress</p><br>
<p>Stelios Giannakopoulos, footballer</p><br>
<p>Antonis Kalogiannis, singer</p><br>
<p>Evangelos Kouloumbis, politician</p><br>
<p>Domna Samiou, musician</p><br>
<p>Aitoliko  is a town and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Messolonghi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 129.305 km. It is located north of the Acheloos delta. The Greek National Road 5/E55 passes through the municipal unit. It is located SW of Agrinion, about 20 km NW of Messolonghi, W of Nafpaktos and the Rio-Antirrio bridge and SE of Astakos. Until it became a part of Greece, it was known as Anatoliko , meaning east.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Aitoliko is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Aitoliko (Aitoliko, Agios Nikolaos, Kefalovryso, Mesa Pigadi, Bouza, Nisaki, Poros, Chaliki)</p><br>
<p>Agios Ilias</p><br>
<p>Stamna (Stamna, Kefalovrysos, Stathmos Stamnas)</p><br>
<p>Fragkoulaiika (Fragkou, Koulaiika)</p><br>
<p>Chrysovergi (Chrysovergi, Giatsaiika)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Aitoliko has primary schools, a High School (first three years of secondary education), a Lyceum (the second three-year period of secondary education), several churches, a small post office and a central square.</p><br>
<p>The geography has rocky bushy hills to the east and farms along with some grasslands and swamps as far as the Achelous to the west.</p><br>
<p>Aitoliko also has an agricultural and commercial enterprise named Amalthia S.A., which is named after Amalthea.</p><br>
<p>The Aitoliko Lagoon is a lagoon located east of Aitoliko surrounding the main municipality and is 14 km² in area.</p><br>
<p>Aitoliko was conveniently located with relation to the ancient towns of Pleuron (the name of the son of the mythological father Aetolus comes from along with Kalydon which carries the name of another son) and Oiniadai. The name of the town in the middle of the lagoon dates back to ancient times.</p><br>
<p>The old part of the town lies quite romantically on an island between two lagoons, of which the Aitoliko Lagoon which extends up to Stamna lies to the north, and the Missolonghi Lagoon which was Lake Kynia in antiquity lies to the south and broadly southward to where it connects with Gulf of Patras and into the Ionian Sea where on October 7, 1571, the Battle of Lepanto took place. The island is connected to the mainland on each side by two bridges. This community has some trees and residential houses and the direct road isn&#39;t passed. Tidal forces let strong currents develop regularly going back and forth under the arches of the bridges. The taverns of Aitolikon offer specialities such as smoked or salted Avgotaracho which is famous around the world for its unique taste and quality. Avgotaracho is the egg of the fish kefalos and is considered to be a superb speciality, some say superior to caviar. Eels slit open and lightly dried, then grilled on charcoal are another superb local speciality. Try them with raw onion and local dark red wine!!!!</p><br>
<h2>The delta and the lagoons</h2><br>
<p>The Achelous delta to be found west of Mesolonghi is the most extensive delta in Greece. The Mesolonghi lagoon is one of the largest lagoons of the entire Mediterranean sea with its depth of 1.5 m. It is separated from the Gulf of Patras while its sea water is renewed from the Gulf, while the Aitolikon lagoon is a little deeper at 30 m deep.</p><br>
<p>Of economic importance is the saltworks located to the east next to the old GR-5 (Agrinion - Mesolonghi) about 100 m from the sea with an area of about 500 m² and a width of about 1 km between Aitolikon and Mesolonghi. It has been producing salt for years. Farmlands lie to the east with hills and rocky landscape. Fishing is common in the lagoon. The lagoons are the richest waters in Greece as far as fish are concerned. Here, boats are used. In different places, wooden huts on stilts can be seen. Land development and waste management endanger the entire delta area. A large tract of land is under nature protection and hunting is banned. In this area, 170 species of birds are founded.</p><br>
<p>It is also home to some parasites including isopods and sand smelts including Atherina boyeri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 900 A.D, the Byzantine fleet from Naupaktos (Lepanto) at the Gulf of Corinth became and capital and became Nikopolis. The new capital became secured by the fortress. One of these fortresses were favourable for defense on the island and the lagoons in Aitoliko. Since the 12th century, the island fortress of Anatoliko developed to the city. In 1406, it was sold to Carlo I Tocco of Kefallinia. The Venetian forces divided their incomes from the salt gardens and fish watern of Anatoliko which lasted until 1430.</p><br>
<p>During the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, in the beginning of the 19th century, Aitolikon experienced three Turkish sieges before it became a part of Greece. There were 500 Greek defenders and 15,000 Turks in the first siege, The second siege was repelled, in the third siege, Aitolikon was re-taken by the Turks at the same time as Mesolonghi on April 11, 1826. Generals from Greece that participated included Georgios Liakatas.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Vaso Katraki, Engraver - Painter, 1914–1988, website:</p><br>
<p>I.M. Panagiotopoulos (born Ioannis Mihail Panagiotopoulos), 1901–1982, website: (in Greek)</p><br>
<p>Giannis Vogiatzis (b.1926), actor</p><br>
<p>Old Dongola  is a deserted town in Sudan located on the east bank of the Nile opposite the Wadi Howar. An important city in medieval Nubia, and the departure point for caravans west to Darfur and Kordofan, from the fourth to the fourteenth century Old Dongola was the capital of the Makurian state. The urban center of the population moved downstream 80 km  to the opposite side of the Nile during the nineteenth century, becoming the modern Dongola.</p><br>
<p>A Polish archaeological team has been excavating the town since 1964.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Dongola was founded in the fifth century as a fortress, but a town soon evolved around it. Later with the arrival of Christianity it became the capital of Makuria, and several churches were built. These include, to use the names contemporary archeologists have given them, Building X and the Church with the Stone Pavement. These two structures were erected about 100 meters apart from the walled town centre, indicating that at this time the town already extended over the original walls of the fortress. Building X was soon replaced by the Old Church.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the seventh century, the two main churches were destroyed, but rebuilt soon after. Building material was taken from the Old Church and used to repair the city walls. Archeologists believe this destruction is evidence of the First (642) and Second Battles of Dongola (652).</p><br>
<p>At the end of the seventh Century, the Church of the Granite Columns was erected over the Old Church. Adorned with 16 granite columns, each with richly decorated granite capitals, the Church of the Granite Columns perhaps was the cathedral of Old Dongola.</p><br>
<p>The heyday of old Dongola was in the tenth century, Old Dongola. The Church of the Stone Pavements was replaced with the Cruciform Church at this time. Other buildings in use in Old Dongola at this time include many other churches, at least two palaces, and a sizable monastery on its north side. Several houses were well equipped and had bath rooms and wall paintings.</p><br>
<p>The Book of Knowledge, a travelogue compiled by a Spanish monk soon after 1348, mentions that Genoese merchants had settled in Old Dongola; they may have penetrated there as a consequence of the commercial treaty of 1290 between Genoa and Egypt. However, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the town was in decline. It was attacked by Arabs several times, and the throne room of the palace was converted to a mosque. A surviving inscription Sayf al-Din Abdullah Barshambu erected in Old Dongola and bears the date of 1317, is commonly understood to be the record of a military expedition sent by the Sultan of Egypt to place his nominee Abdullah, perhaps a Muslim Nubian, on the throne.</p><br>
<p>Under the Funj, Old Dongola became the capital of the Northern provinces. The French traveller visited the city in 1699, and in his memoirs he described it as located on the slope of a sandy hill. His description of Old Dongola continues:</p><br>
<p>The Arrow Lakes in British Columbia, Canada, divided into Upper Arrow Lake and Lower Arrow Lake, are widenings of the Columbia River. The lakes are situated between the Selkirk Mountains to the east and the Monashee Mountains to the west. Beachland is fairly rare, and is interspersed with rocky headlands and steep cliffs. Mountain sides are heavily forested, and rise sharply to elevations around 2,600 metres.</p><br>
<p>Originally two lakes 14 miles apart, the Arrow Lakes became one 230 km long lake due to the reservoir created by the 1960s construction of the Keenleyside Dam; at low water the two lakes remain distinct, connected by a fast-moving section known as the Narrows. Damming the Lower Arrow Lake resulted in water rising 12 metres above natural levels. As a result of higher water, the valley lost 2/3 of its arable land. Thousands of people relocated. The lake stretches from just north of Castlegar in the south to Revelstoke in the north. Another hydroelectric development Whatshan Dam, diverted Whatshan Lake from the Whatshan River directly into the Arrow Lakes, just north of the Needles-Fauquier Ferry.</p><br>
<p>There are two free highway ferries across the Upper Arrow Lake: the Upper Arrow Lakes Ferry between Shelter Bay and Galena Bay at the northern end of Upper Arrow Lake; and the Needles Cable Ferry further south, on BC Hwy 6 between Nakusp and Vernon. There is also the Arrow Park Ferry, a cable ferry connecting East Arrow Park and West Arrow Park about 28 km south of Nakusp.</p><br>
<p>The Arrow Lakes are part of the traditional territory claims of the Sinixt, Okanagan and Ktunaxa peoples, though at the time of contact and during colonization only Sinixt lived along its shores.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>In the days before Columbus was born, the Indians of the west and east Kootenay were at continual strife. It was customary for the west Kootenay Indians to winter along the southern Columbia and to ascend the stream every summer, to the lakes where hunting was good. As the tribes in the Slocan were always on the alert for war, they had their scouts out on the Arrow Lakes to note when their enemies came up the river. One summer the scouts returned from the Lakes with news that a particularly large force of warriors were going up the river. So the Slocan tribes prepared for war and crossed the mountains in force to Nakusp. On embarking from their canoes at Nakusp (the bay behind the long point) they noticed signs of a great storm having passed. On proceeding up the lake for some distance they came upon the force of the enemy. But alas ! There were none to resist them, for the great storm had apparently come suddenly upon them and there was nothing left but a heaving mass of canoe wreckage and dead bodies. The Slocan Indians took this as a great favour from the great Manatoo, and in token of respect they fired all their arrows at the high rock off which they lay, and wrote inscriptions on the face of the rock. Because of the vast wealth of arrow heads that fell to the bottom of the lake that day, the Indians named it Arrow Lake. (Relayed by Richard Blyth, as told to him by Chief Louis Joseph, Burton.) Source: BC place name cards, or correspondence to/from BC&#39;s Chief Geographer or BC Geographical Names Office.</p><br>
<p>Nabesna Glacier is a glacier in the USA state of Alaska. Fed by deep snowfall in the Wrangell Mountains, the 53 mile  long Nabesna is the longest valley glacier in North America and the world&#39;s longest interior valley glacier.</p><br>
<p>The glacier flows from an extensive icefield which covers the northern flanks of 14,163 ft Mount Wrangell, a large shield volcano. It heads initially east past other volcanic peaks including Mount Blackburn and Atna Peaks and then turns north to its terminus near 3,000 ft (900 m) elevation, about 15 mi south of the old mining settlement of Nabesna at the end of the Nabesna Road. The vast expanse and length of the Nabesna is fed by approximately 40 tributary glaciers. Melting ice at its terminus forms the Nabesna River, which flows northward through Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge and into the Tanana River.</p><br>
<p>The glacier was named for the Nabesna River in 1902 by F. C. Schrader of the USA Geological Survey. It provides the normal route of access into the heart of the eastern Wrangell Mountains, for ski mountaineers, climbers, and scientists. Ski-equipped bush planes can typically land between 6,000 and 7,000 ft (1,800-2,100 m) on the central portion of the glacier when the ice and crevasses are covered by winter snow.</p><br>
<p>The glacier has been undergoing a slow, near-continuous retreat since at least the early 1900s. There is evidence to indicate that this retreat may have been going on even longer than that, as glacial deposits much farther down the valley indicate that it may have once been over 200 miles long.</p><br>
<p>Mount Martin is a stratovolcano, located on the Alaska Peninsula, United States. It is one of the volcanoes in the vicinity of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Although an eruption in 1953 is now considered questionable and no other confirmed eruptive activity has taken place at Mount Martin, there is intense fumarolic activity within its summit crater. The summit crater is also breached to the southeast. The 300 m -wide summit crater is often ice-free due to the geothermal heat and contains an intermittent acidic crater lake. The fumaroles in the summit crater produce extensive sulfur deposits.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is named for George C. Martin, who was the first person to visit the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta.</p><br>
<p>Resolute Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Parry Channel on the southern side of Cornwallis Island. The hamlet of Resolute is located on the northern shore of the bay and Resolute Bay Airport to the northwest. The Inuit people associated with Resolute Bay are called Qausuittuq and the population of the hamlet in the 2006 census was 229.</p><br>
<p>On the western shore, the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) and the Communications Research Centre operated a launch site for sounding rockets. Between 1966 and 1971 rockets of the types Black Brant and Boosted Arcas were launched.</p><br>
<h2>Broadband communications</h2><br>
<p>The community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSI Micro. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice.</p><br>
<p>The Ukinrek Maars are two phreatomagmatic vents that formed on the north side of the Aleutian Range on a low area bordering the Bering Sea. The maars are 1.5 km south of Becharof Lake and 12 km northwest of Peulik Volcano. The western of the two is elliptical in shape and up to 170 m in diameter and 35 m deep. The east maar lies 600 m to the east and is circular and up to 300 m in diameter and 70 m deep. The east maar has a 49 m-high lava dome within the crater lake. The eruption occurred in March and April 1977 and lasted for ten days. There was no previous eruption. The magmatic material was olivine basalt from a mantle source. Pyroclastic surge from the eruptions traveled to the northwest. The volume of lava erupted was 9x10 m and the volume of tephra expelled was 2.6x10 m.</p><br>
<p>The Quaternary age Gas Rocks dacite domes some three km to the northeast were the site of a phreatic eruption some 2300 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Borden Island is an uninhabited, low-lying island in the Queen Elizabeth Islands of northern Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Some features and history</h2><br>
<p>With an area of 2,795 km&sup2; in size, 93.9 km long and 82 km wide, it is the 171st largest island in the world, and Canada&#39;s 30th largest island. It lies north of Mackenzie King Island and is similarly split between the Northwest Territories (larger portion) and Nunavut, with the border running along the 110th meridian west.</p><br>
<p>The first known sighting of the island was by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in 1916, it was originally described as a single landmass. However, in 1947, during an aerial survey by the Royal Canadian Air Force the island was found to be two islands divided by Wilkins Strait.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The island is named for Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada 1911-1920.</p><br>
<p>The Glyderau  are a mountain group in Snowdonia, North Wales. The name derives from the highest peaks in the range, Glyder Fawr and Glyder Fach. According to Sir Ifor Williams, the word "Glyder" derives from the Welsh word "Cludair", meaning a heap of stones.</p><br>
<p>The Glyderau stretch from Mynydd Llandegai to Capel Curig, and include five of Wales&#39; fourteen or fifteen summits over 3000 feet; these include Tryfan, considered one of the finest mountains in Wales and one of the few mountains on the British mainland requiring scrambling to reach the summit. The eastern half of the range in particular, including Glyder Fawr, Glyder Fach and Tryfan, is very popular with walkers and climbers.</p><br>
<p>Dinorwig Power Station, a hydroelectric pump-storage system, is located in a man-made cavern within Elidir Fawr. The slopes of the Glyderau also include the lake Llyn Idwal, and a number of classic climbing areas such as Rhiwiau Caws.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Glyderau were formed in the Ordovician period about 500 million years ago as the result of two land masses moving together and causing the Snowdonia massif to rise up. Since then, erosion and the advance and retreat of glaciers during the Ice Ages has worn down the mountains to their present proportions. The underlying rock is a mixture of sedimentary and volcanic material. The last ice sheet retreated about 10,000 years ago and Cwm Idwal is a good example of a cirque formed by the ice. The main glacier flowed down the adjoining Nant Ffrancon Valley, a route now followed by the A5 road, and Cwm Idwal housed a side glacier. The ice scarred the surrounding cliffs, hollowed out the bed of Llyn Idwal and dumped rocks and other material that formed moraines at its foot. Massive boulders and shattered rocks crashed down from above to form the boulder fields and screes.</p><br>
<p>The land was originally covered with native forest mostly consisting of birch and oak. This was cleared over the millennia by the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age farmers that settled here and now there is little tree cover. Groups of feral goats can still be found on the Glyderau, probably the remnants of the herds that were farmed here a thousand years ago. The large number of sheep that now graze the common land were introduced in the 18th century with the rise of the woollen industry.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Glyderau present a much more rocky appearance than the smooth rounded humps of the Carneddau just to the north. The ridge between the summits of Glyder Fawr and Glyder Fach is covered with coarse grasses and heathers and strewn with boulders and slabs of rocks. The ascent to the summit of Tryfan requires scrambling rather than just walking. Tryfan, Glyder Fach and the cliffs around Cwm Idwal offer rock climbing with routes ranging from those suitable for beginners to those requiring great technical expertise. The mountains can be approached from Llyn Ogwen to the north, where there is a car park, or from Nant Peris in the Llanberis Pass where there is a park and ride service. Buses run hourly from Bangor to Llanberis and there is a less frequent service from Bethesda to Llyn Ogwen.</p><br>
<h2>Cwm Idwal</h2><br>
<p>The north-facing amphitheatre-shaped valley of Cwm Idwal with its dark cliffs has a unique flora, and some plants here are the most southerly remnants in Britain of the Arctic/Alpine flora. The Snowdon lily (Lloydia serotina) is found here, high on mountain ledges, the only place in Britain where it is found. Other Alpine species include the purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), tufted saxifrage (Saxifraga cespitosa), Alpine meadow rue (Thalictrum alpinum) and mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna). Because of the scientific interest of this valley, sheep have been excluded from it to allow the native plants to flourish and it has been made into a National Nature Reserve. The lake itself is shallow and fringed with rushes, reeds and bottle sedge (Carex rostrata). Plants growing in the water or on the damp ground nearby include awlwort, pillwort, waterwort and spring quillwort (Isoetes echinospora). Other plants growing on damp shady ledges include the Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica), the wood-rush (Lazula sylvatica), water avens (Geum rivale), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and golden rod (Solidago virgaurea). Animals that live here include badgers, foxes and polecats as well as buzzards (Buteo buteo), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), skylarks (Alauda arvensis), black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus).</p><br>
<p>In the cliffs above Llyn Idwal is a dark cleft in the rock known as Twll Du from which plumes of mist sometimes emanate. These were believed to be caused by ancient druids creating lightning bolts to keep the invading Romans at bay. Llyn Idwal itself was said to be named after a drowned boy, either the son of 8th century Prince Cadwalader, murdered by a rival, or the son of 12th century Prince Owain Gwynedd and killed by his uncle. The traveller Thomas Pennant, writing in the 1780s, stated that the local shepherds were in awe of the lake believing it to be "the haunt of Daemons, and that no bird dare fly over its damned waters".</p><br>
<h2>Dinorwig Power Station</h2><br>
<p>Deep inside the mountain of Elidir Fawr there is a power station and many miles of tunnels. Dinorwig Power Station, a pumped storage hydroelectric facility, was originally built to provide back up facilities and water storage to smooth out the peaks and troughs in demand associated with the inflexible output of nuclear power stations. When demand is low, water is pumped up the mountain and stored in Marchlyn Mawr reservoir, previously a slate quarry. The water is released to flow through turbines during times of high demand for electricity. The power is conveyed through underground cables to join the grid so as to have little visual impact on the Snowdonia National Park skyline.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The National Trust took over the management of the Glyderau and the Carneddau in 1951 in lieu of death duties on the Penrhyn Estate. The total area is about 7,000 hectares, half of which is common land with registered grazing rights for 45,000 sheep and 741 ponies. There are eight tenanted farms on the estate and the National Trust is responsible for the maintenance of footpaths and drystone walls, some of which date back many hundreds of years. The two mountain ranges form part of the Snowdonia National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Mountains in the Glyderau</h2><br>
<p>This is a list of the main summits in the range, in order from west to east.</p><br>
<p>Elidir Fawr (924 m)</p><br>
<p>Carnedd y Filiast (821 m)</p><br>
<p>Mynydd Perfedd (812 m)</p><br>
<p>Foel Goch (831 m)</p><br>
<p>Y Garn (947 m)</p><br>
<p>Glyder Fawr (1,001 m)</p><br>
<p>Glyder Fach (994 m)</p><br>
<p>Tryfan (918 m)</p><br>
<p>Y Foel Goch (805 m)</p><br>
<p>The Salomon Islands or Salomon Atoll is a small atoll of the Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is located in the Northeast of the Chagos Archipelago, between Blenheim Reef and Peros Banhos. The main islands in the group are Île Boddam, with the former main settlement, and a land area of 1.08 km², and Île Anglaise (0.82 km²), both on the western rim of the reef. There were smaller settlements of Chagossians in Fouquet (0.45 km²) and Takamaka (0.48 km) Islands. Île de la Passe is 0.28 km² in area, and Île Mapou 0.04 km². The remaining islets are much smaller.</p><br>
<p>The total land area is 3.56 km².</p><br>
<p>There is a passage into the lagoon, named Baie de Salomon, on the Northern side, between Île Anglaise and Île de la Passe. The Salomon Islands are one of the favorite anchoring spots for itinerant yachtsmen passing through the Chagos, even though there are no proper moorings for yachts and a permit of the BIOT authorities is needed. Now uninhabited, the islands are overrun by low jungle between the coconut trees and it is hard to find the traces of the former settlements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This atoll was settled in the last half of the 18th century by coconut plantation workers from Isle de France (now Mauritius). Little is known about the condition of the workers who were mostly of African origin. Most probably they lived in conditions close to slavery. The company exploiting the plantation was called the Chagos Agalega Company.</p><br>
<p>The Salomon Islands were surveyed in 1837 by Commander Robert Moresby of the Indian Navy on the HMS Benares. Moresby&#39;s survey produced the first detailed map of this atoll. The atoll was surveyed again in 1905 by Commander B.T. Sommerville on the HMS Sealark, who drew a more accurate map.</p><br>
<p>Some of the Salomon Islands were inhabited by the Chagossians, but at the time that the British Government decided to empty the Chagos of local inhabitants only Île Boddam was inhabited.</p><br>
<p>Between 1967 and 1973, 500 inhabitants of the Salomon Islands were evicted by the British in order to make way for an American military base. The evictees were resettled in Mauritius and The Seychelles. Île Boddam had a jetty, shops, offices, a school, a church and a villa where the plantation manager lived. All these buildings are now hidden by thick jungle. There are wells on Boddam and Takamaka islands which are still used by yachtsmen to replenish their supplies.</p><br>
<h2>Islets</h2><br>
<p>The individual islets of the atoll are, starting in the North, clockwise:</p><br>
<p>Île de la Passe</p><br>
<p>Île Mapou</p><br>
<p>Île Takamaka</p><br>
<p>Île Fouquet</p><br>
<p>Île Sepulture</p><br>
<p>Île Jacobin</p><br>
<p>Île du Sel</p><br>
<p>Île Poule</p><br>
<p>Île Boddam</p><br>
<p>Île Diable</p><br>
<p>Île Anglaise</p><br>
